• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.130-136
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• 2008

Background: Human cytomegalovirus UL18, a MHC class I homologue, has been considered a natural killer (NK) cell decoy. It ligates LIR-1/ILT2 (CD85j), an NK inhibitory receptor, to prevent lysis of infected target cells. However, precise role of UL18 to NK cell cytotoxicity is yet elusive. Difficulty in clarifying the function of UL18 lies in complication in detecting UL18 mainly due to low level expression of UL18 on the surface and gradual loss of its expression. Methods: To overcome this hurdle, cDNA of cytoplasmic tail-less UL18 was constructed and expressed in swine endothelial cell (SEC). The expression level and its stability in the cell surface were monitored with FACS analysis. Results: Surface expression of UL18 is up-regulated by removing cytoplasmic tail portion from UL18F (a full sequence of UL18). SECs transfected with a cDNA of UL18CY (a cytoplasmic tail-less UL18) stably expressed UL18 molecule on the surface without gradual loss of its expression during 6 week continuous cultures. In the NK cytotoxicity assay, UL18 functions either inhibiting or activating NK cell cytotoxicity according to the source of NK cells. We found that there is individual susceptibility in determining whether the engagement of NK cell and UL18 results in overall inhibiting or activating NK cell cytotoxicity. Conclusion: In this study, we found that cytoplasmic tail is closely related to the regulatory function for controlling surface expression of UL18. Furthermore, by constructing stable cell line in which UL18 expression is up-regulated and stable, we provided a useful tool to clarify exact functions of UL18 on various immune cells having ILT2 receptor.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.107-126
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• 2016

This paper deals with Kripke-style semantics for weakening-free non-commutative fuzzy logics. As an example, we consider an algebraic Kripke-style semantics for an extension of the pseudo-uninorm based fuzzy logic HpsUL, $CnHpsUL^*$. For this, first, we recall the system $CnHpsUL^*$, define its corresponding algebraic structures $CnHpsUL^*$-algebras, and algebraic completeness results for it. We next introduce a Kripke-style semantics for $CnHpsUL^*$, and connect it with algebraic semantics.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2012

This paper deals with Kripke-style semantics for fuzzy logics. As an example we consider a Kripke-style semantics for the uninorm based fuzzy logic UL. For this, first, we introduce UL, define the corresponding algebraic structures UL-algebras, and give algebraic completeness results for it. We next introduce a Kripke-style semantics for UL, and connect it with algebraic semantics.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.542-548
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• 1999

The UL47 gene (b 60390-b 60388) located in the unique long region of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) AD169 strain genome was analyzed RNA mapping. Northern blot analysis showed that the UL47 gene was expressed at late times after infection (72 h postinfection). The 9.7-kb transcript was expressed in the infected cells but not in phosphonoformate-treated cells at 72 hpi, indicating that the UL47 gene was only expressed at late times after infection. To map the 5'-end and 3'-end of UL47 transcripts, primer at late times after infection. To map the 5'-end and 3'-end of UL47 transcripts, primer extension and RNase protection analysis were performed. Primer extension analysis revealed that the transcription initiation site of UL47 was located in 27 bp downstream (b 60323) of the TATA box motif. The sizes of UL47 ORF (approximately 2.9-kb) and UL48 ORF (approximately 6.7-kb) deduced from computer sequence analysis suggest that the expressed 9.7-kb transcript of UL47 uses the 3'-end polyadenylation signal of Ul48. The result of RNase protection determined that the 3'-end of UL47 RNA utilized the 3'-end polyadenylation signal of UL48, which is located in HCMV genome b 70082.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.565-570
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• 2021

This paper describes UL 4600, a new international safety standard to ensure safety of autonomous cars. Conventional vehicular safety standards such as ISO 26262 and ISO/PAS 21448 suffer from large limitations to be applied to autonomous cars, but UL 4600 exploits new approaches to be applied to autonomous cars. Conventional standards define various technological aspects to ensure safety and require manufacturers to certify these aspects. On the contrary, UL 4600 requires manufacturer to explain and prove why autonomous cars are safe. In UL 4600, (1) under specific environments where the system is designed to operate with, (2) claims should be defined to guarantee given safety, and (3) arguments should be suggested to satisfy given goals, and (3) evidences should be presented to prove given arguments. UL 4600 is technology-neutral since it does not require specific designs nor technologies. So UL 4600 only requires manufacturers to prove given safety goals regardless of methods and technologies. Also UL 4600 admits various cases of autonomous car field operations into the standard via feedback loop. So UL 4600 effectively maneuvers various dangers unknown at the time of standard establishment.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.585-589
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• 1998

The herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1)-encoded DNA polymerase consists of two subunits, the products of the UL30 and UL42 genes. UL30 and UL42 were coexpressed in Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses carrying the two genes. The UL30 and UL42 gene products remained tightly associated throughout the purification, which led to a near homogeneous heterodimer composed of the DNA polymerase and UL42 protein. The DNA polymerase-UL42 protein heterodimer, purified from the recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells, showed the same high degree of processivity of deoxynucleotide polymerization as the enzyme purified from the HSV-1 infected primate cells. Like the latter, it contained a 3'-5' exonuclease activity that specifically hydrolyzes an incorrectly matched nucleotide at the 3' terminus of a primer, thereby contributing to the fidelity of DNA replication.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 2018

This paper deals with non-algebraic Kripke-style semantics, i.e, set-theoretical Kripke-style semantics, for weakening-free non-commutative fuzzy logics. We first recall an extension of the pseudo-uninorm based fuzzy logic HpsUL, $CnHpsUL^*$. We next introduce set-theoretical Kripke-style semantics for it.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.114-117
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare with the characteristics of Wumul-maru components in upper class Chosun dynasty. Physical trace method was used for this study. The samples were taken from the Sarang-taechong of 6 traditional Korean houses, Yunkyungdang, the ancient Chusa estate, Sunkyojand, Chunghyodang, Yangjindang, Unjoru. The major findings were summarized as follows; 1) Regarding to the scale characteristics, the number of changguit'ul(long board) was 1, chungguit'ul(middle-length board) 5, tongguit'ul(center board) 8m and maruno. 98, and the size of changguit'ul was 253$\times$4478mm, chungguit'ul 182$\times$2396mm, tongguit'ul 179$\times$2310mm, and marunol 247$\times$574mm. 2) Regarding to the proportion characteristics, the proportion of changguit'ul was 1:18.2, chungguit'ul 1:16.7, tongguit'ul 1:12.9, and marunol 1:2.62 and the proportion of components was 1:3:4:17.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.433-434
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• 2015

분산전원 연계용 PCS에 적용되는 UL인증은 UL 1741로서 PCS의 H/W Safety를 검사하는 인증 기준이며, UL 1998은 UL 1741의 하위 참조 인증으로 S/W Functional Safety를 요구한다. UL1741은 Grid Code 기준으로 IEEE 1547.1을 요구하며, H/W 관련하여 안정성 측면에서 특정 요구 수준의 달성 유무를 중심으로 검증한다. 본 논문에서는 UL 1741 인증 기준과 S/W 인증인 UL 1998 인증 기준을 분석하고 이를 적용하여 개발한 1MW EES PCS에 대하여 기술한다.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2011

In the pathological theory of Oriental medicine, the concept of Ul(鬱) largely comprises the two meanings as follows. One is the concept used as the meaning of pathological state originated from stasis in Qi-Xie(氣血) or the function of internal organs. The other is the concept used as the meaning of Ul-disease(鬱病), which is a group of symptom that is mostly characterized by stasis in function of Qi system. The concept of Ul in the medical classics was originated from "Neijing(內經)", and in this book it was depicted as five-Ul(五鬱). Since the concept of Ul was depicted in "Neijing", many relevant theory about it had been developed on the basis of the theory in "Neijing", and in the theoretical development like this, the concept of Ul had become a little bit complicated. With regard to the historical change like this, this study is going to focus on some argument in Ming(明) dynasty, which asserted the existence of deficiency[虛證] in Ul that had opposed the general thought of that time usually recognizing the concept of Ul as [實證]. In this point of view, this study regards Zhang-zihe(張子和) as a doctor who had made an important role in the theoretical development of Ul after "Neijing", and will newly analyze the theoretical development of Ul on the basis of the Zhang-zihe's Ul theory, which is seemed to have played the main role in the formation of concept of Ul as excessive state[實證].