• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2024

Background: Porcine embryonic development is widely utilized in the medical industry. However, the blastocyst development rate in vitro is lower compared to in vivo. To address this issue, various supplements are employed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play the role of communicators that carry many bioactive cargoes. Additionally, the contents of EVs can vary on the estrous cycle. Methods: We compared the effects of adding EVs derived from porcine uterine fluid (UF), categorized as non-EV (G1), EVs in estrus (G2) and EVs in diestrus (G3). After in vitro culture (IVC) was performed in three different groups, cleavage rate and blastocyst development rate were examined. In addition, glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured 2 days after activation to assess oxidative stress. Results: Using NTA and cryo-TEM, we confirmed the presence of EVs with sizes ranging from 30 nm to 200 nm, that the particles were suitable for analysis for analysis. In IVC data, the highest cleavage rate was observed in G2, which was significantly different from G1 but not significantly different from the next highest, G3. Similarly, the highest blastocyst development rate was observed in G2, which was significantly different from G1 but not significantly different from the next highest, G3. Conclusions: These results indicate that estrus derived EVs contain biofactors beneficial for early blastocyst development, including GSH which protects the blastocyst from oxidative stress. Additionally, although diestrus-derived EVs are expected to have some effect on blastocyst development, it appeared to be less effective than estrus-derived EVs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2005

The industrial development of large scale deep bed filters has been a very important step in the process of drinking water production and more recently in the tertiary treatment of wastewater. The target of deep bed filtration is the retention is the retention of small particles generally smaller than 30 microns at relatively small concentration, generally less than 30 mg/l from natural water (surface water or aquifers) or secondary treated wastewater. The relation between the retention efficiency and the characteristics of the particles has been extensively studied experimentally and through different models of retention. During the last years the development of new technologies (fiber filter, membrane modules) lead to more intensive processes compared to conventional sand filtration. Fiber filters can combine intensification with a decrease in specific energy needed however they cannot be operated under gravity like sand filters. Membrane filters (UF or MF) are much more intensive and efficient than sand filters. The specific energy needed is not so high (about $0.1Kwh/M^3$) but is higher than sand or fiber filter. A Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) has to be made for a complete comparison between these technologies taking in account that the efficiency of particle retention obtained by membrane filters is unique.