• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.228-228
• /
• 1998

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.483-496
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study was to describe how Korean nurses overcome the language barrier while working in the U.S. hospital settings. Twelve Korean nurses living in New York metropolitan area were asked open-ended, descriptive questions to collect the data. The interviews were done in Korean. All interviews were audiotaped under the permission of the participants and were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using grounded theory analysis. The research process consisted of two phases. In the first phase 8 Korean nurses were interviewed and analyzed. In the second phase, further data were collected to verify categories and working hypotheses that were emerged from the first phase. The results of this study show that all Korean nurses experienced severe psychological stress such as confusion, anxiety, frustration, loss of self-confidence, embarrassment, guilt, depression, anger, and fear. Among the mode of communication such as listening, speaking, leading, and writing, they had the most difficulty in speaking. Speaking ability was especially important for them because of the emphasis of individualism and self-defense in the U.S. Among the verbal communication modes, non-face-to-face communications such as phone conversation and body language were the most difficu1t for them to overcome. It took at least 2 years for the participants to initially overcome the language barrier in U.S. hospitals. After 2-5 years they began to feel comfortable even in non-face-to-face communication. They could actively search for the better place to work after 5 years. They finally felt comfortable in English and in their job almost after 10 years. The factors that influenced the English improvement were ‘the years of clinical experience in Korea’, ‘the decade they came to the U.S.’ ‘coming to U.S. alone or with other Korean nurses’, ‘racial homogeneity or heterogeneity of the working unit’, and ‘the degree of social support’. The strategies Korean nurses used to overcome the language barrier included depending on the written communication, using ‘nunchi’, working and studying hard, and establishing good interpersonal relationships with co-workers. They also employed assertive behavior of the U.S., such as using more explicit verbal language and employing smiles and eye contact with others during the conversation. The results of the study may help Korean nurses and nursing students who try to work in U.S. hospital settings by understanding problems other Korean nurses faced, factors that influenced their English improvement, and strategies they used. They may also help U.S. nurses and administrators in developing and implementing efficient programs for newly employed Korean nurses by understanding major problems and feelings the Korean nurses experienced and strategies they used to overcome the language barriers.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2000.07b
• /
• pp.1233-1235
• /
• 2000

A new control method of three phase converter without measuring input phase-voltage and DC-link voltage is proposed. Input phase-voltage of these required voltages is estimated using EKF(Extended Kalman Filter) and DC-link voltage is estimated from the measured line currents and the estimated input phase-voltage. This control method is achieved without PLL(Phase Locked Loop) which senses the angle of input phase-voltage and DC-link voltage sensor. In addition, the proposed method controls high power factor and DC-link voltage utilizing the estimated phase angle. This paper describes the effectiveness of the proposed estimated algorithm through simulations.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
• /
• 2001.07a
• /
• pp.227-230
• /
• 2001

A new control method of three phase converter without measuring input Phase-voltage and DC-link voltage is Proposed. Input Phase-voltage of these required voltages is estimated using EKF(Extended Kalman Filter) and DC-link voltage is estimated from the measured line currents and the estimated input phase-voltage. This control method is achieved without PLL(Phase Locked Loop) which senses the angle of input phase-voltage and DC-link voltage sensor. In additon, the proposed method controls high power factor and DC-link voltage utilizing the estimated phase angle. This paper describes the effectiveness of the proposed estimated algorithm through simulations.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 1986.07a
• /
• pp.574-576
• /
• 1986

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.37 no.7
• /
• pp.651-651
• /
• 2000

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 2016

This study was to investigate effect of progesterone ($P_4$) on prostaglandin (PG) synthases and plasminogen activators (PAs) system in bovine endometrium during estrous cycle. Endometrium tissues were collected from bovine uterus on follicular and luteal phase and were incubated with culture medium containing 0 (Control), 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml $P_4$ for 24 h. The $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ synthase (PGFS), $PGE_2$ synthase (PGES), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), urokinase PA (uPA), and PA inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) mRNA in bovine endometrium were analyzed using reverse transcription PCR and PA activity was measured using spectrophotometry. In results, COX-2 was higher at 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group than control group in luteal phase (p<0.05), but, it did not change in follicular phase. Contrastively, PGES was significantly increased in 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to control group in follicular phase, but there were no significant differ among the treatments in luteal phase. uPA was no significant difference between $P_4$ treatment groups and control group in both of different phase. PAI-1 was decreased in 20 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to control group in follicular phase (p<0.05). PA activity was decreased in 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to other groups in follicular and luteal phase (p<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that $P_4$ may influence to translation and post-translation process of PG production and PA activation in bovine endometrium.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2019.05a
• /
• pp.236-237
• /
• 2019

Building Information Modeling (BIM) and modular construction are regarded as important technologies that address several issues faced by the construction industry. However, the application guidelines for BIM in current modular construction projects are insufficient. This paper presents the preliminary work on the analysis of BIM utilization in a modular construction project; a five-point likert scale questionnaire was conducted to assess the necessity of BIM applications by the Necessity Index(NI) of nine categories(U1~U9) across two construction phases (onsite and offsite). The survey results indicate that applications for BIM based quantity takeoff for offsite phase(U4) as well as BIM modeling for module joint details(U8) were deemed to be the most necessary in each phase. The results of this study can be used as detailed guidelines for the integration of BIM in modular construction projects.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 2019

This study explores the causes and processes of morphological transformation of apartment complexes in Busan. All apartment complexes built until the year 2016 were selected for statistical analysis, drawing/map examination, field observation, selected expert interviews based on 6 periodical groups: Period I(~1990), Period II(1991~1995), Period III(1996~2000), Period IV(2001~2005), Period V(2006~2010), and Period VI(2011~2016). The research argues for three 'arrangement' types, P1U, L1U and P2U, which have dominated the whole periods occupying 88% of the total 260 complexes. The switch of the leading type represents for morphological transformation of apartment complexes. Four aspects, density(F.A.R.), height(maximum number of floors), deformed-building-type ratio, and building-orientation, have affected the change of 'arrangement' types. Density was the major cause of the arrangement-type switch, from P1U to L1U, on Period II(1991~1995). The morphological change, from type L1U to P2U, on Period V(2006~2010) was caused by height and orientation, and is correlated with the increased number of deformed-type buildings. The first phase morphological change on Period II(1991~1995) was resulted by the supply side of apartment. However, the second phase transformation on Period V(2006~2010) had gone through the complex process including reflection of consumers' demands. The significance of research is to reveal the morphological transformation process of apartment complexes through analytical investigation of the entire apartment data in Busan. The result shows that the major change of urban paysage started to occur from Period V(2006~2010), and the superficial evaluation on apartment 'being monotonous and repetitive' may not be proper at least from the perspective of town plan.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers B
• /
• v.49 no.9
• /
• pp.565-571
• /
• 2000

SRM has been applied to many commercial applications that require economical advantages and high performance abilities. But it has some drawbacks such as acoustic noise due to the abrupt change of mmf level when commutation. The abrupt change of a phase excitation produces mechanical stresses and it results in torque ripple and noise. This paper deals with an analysis of vibration and noise in SRM drive. Several types of excitation method are taken into account. The 1-phase and 2-phase excitation technique of short-pitch winding 2-phase excitation technique of full-pitch winding are tested. The acoustic noise is reduced remarkably through the sequential phase excitation in the 2-phase excitation. It is because that the scheme reduces abrupt change of excitation level by distributed balanced excitation with free-wheeling during commutation.