• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.35 no.1C
• /
• pp.113-122
• /
• 2010

In this paper, we propose a CP (Cyclic Prefix) detection based SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal) detection method for initial cell search in 3GPP LTE (3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution) FDD/TDD (Frequency Division Duplex/Time Division Duplex) dual mode downlink receiver. In general, a blind coherent SSS detection method which can detect SSS without CP detection is applied. However, coherent detection method caused performance degradation by channel compensation error at high speed environment because it uses estimated CFR (Channel Frequency Response) at PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal), and it can be more serious problem in TDD mode due to increased distance between PSS and SSS. Also blind detectionhas the drawback of high computational complexity. Therefore, we proposed a CP type pre-decision structure with non-coherent SSS detection which has stable operation in high speed channel environments for 3GPP LTE TDD mode as well as FDD mode, and can reduce computational complexity by applying CP detection before SSS detection. Simulation results show that the proposed method has stable operation for 3GPP LTE TDD/FDD dual mode downlink receiver in various channel environments.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.165-177
• /
• 2008

Objectives : Headache is one of the most common symptom in primary medical care. The purpose of this research is to examine persisting effects of acupuncture treatment for CTTH. Methods : In this randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled study, we compared active acupuncture with sham acupuncture method for the treatment of chronic tension-type headache. Volunteers who satisfied the requirements were enrolled in study. Evaluation of CTTH was measured by VAS, and Headache Disability Inventory(HDI), Six point Likert Scale, Algometer score(Rt, Lt) before and after treatments. Results : 32 subjects finished study. There were no difference between two group on age, sex, weight, height, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, differentiation of symptoms, surmise of treatment. In change of VAS, after treatment decreased than before treatment in two group, but there were no statistical significance compared with two group and time. In change of HDI(Total score, Emotional score, Functional score) and Six point Likert scale, after treatment decreased than before treatment in two group, but there were no statistical significance compared with two group and time. In change of two sides Algometer score, after treatment increased than before treatment in two group, and Lt algometer score was statistical significance compared with two group(p<0.001). And both sides Algometer score, threr were statistical significance compared with time. Conclusions : Acupuncture treatment has persisting effects that improve the symptoms and decrease the temporal muscle tenderness in patient with chronic tension-type headache.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2011

Objectives To evaluate the drug interactions between aripiprazole and haloperidol, authors investigated plasma concentrations of those drugs by genotypes. Method Fifty six patients with a confirmed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition diagnosis of schizophrenia were enrolled in this eight-week, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Twenty-eight patients received adjunctive aripiprazole treatment and twenty-eight patients received placebo while being maintained on haloperidol treatment. Aripiprazole was dosed at 15 mg/day for the first 4 weeks, and then 30 mg for the next 4 weeks. The haloperidol dose remained fixed throughout the study. Plasma concentrations of haloperidol and aripiprazole were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at baseline, week 1, 2, 4 and 8. $^*1$, $^*5$, and $^*10$ B alleles of CYP2D6 and $^*1$ and $^*3$ alleles of CYP3A5 were determined. The Student's T-test, Pearson's Chi-square test, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and Logistic Regression analysis were used for data analysis. All tests were two-tailed and significance was defined as an alpha < 0.05. Results In the frequency of CYP2D6 genotype, $^*1/^*10$ B type was most frequent (36.5%) and $^*1/^*1$ (30.8%), $^*10B/^*10B$ (17.3%) types followed. In the frequency of CYP3A5 genotype, $^*3/^*3$ type was found in 63.5% of subjects, and $^*1/^*3$ type and $^*1/^*1$ were 30.8% and 5.8% respectively. The plasma levels of haloperidol and its metabolites did not demonstrate significant time effects and time-group interactions after adjunctive treatment of aripiprazole. The genotypes of CYP2D6 and 3A5 did not affect the plasma concentration of haloperidol in this trial. No serious adverse event was found after adding aripiprazole to haloperidol. Conclusion No significant drug interaction was found between haloperidol and aripiprazole. Genotypes of CYP2D6 and 3A5 did not affect the concentration of haloperidol after adding aripiprazole.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.100-105
• /
• 2017

Background and Objectives : Adductor type spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) is neurogenic disorder and focal laryngeal dystonia, while muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is caused by functional voice disorder. Both ADSD and MTD may be associated with excessive supraglottic contraction and compensation, resulting in a strained voice quality with spastic voice breaks. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of spectrogram analysis in the differentiation of ADSD from MTD. Materials and Methods : From 2015 through 2017, 17 patients of ADSD and 20 of MTD, underwent acoustic recording and phonatory function studies, were enrolled. Jitter (frequency perturbation), Shimmer (amplitude perturbation) were obtained using MDVP (Multi-dimensional Voice Program) and GRBAS scale was used for perceptual evaluation. The two speech therapist evaluated a wide band (11,250 Hz) spectrogram by blind test using 4 scales (0-3 point) for four spectral findings, abrupt voice breaks, irregular wide spaced vertical striations, well defined formants and high frequency spectral noise. Results : Jitter, Shimmer and GRBAS were not found different between two groups with no significant correlation (p>0.05). Abrupt voice breaks and irregular wide spaced vertical striations of ADSD were significantly higher than those of MTD with strong correlation (p<0.01). High frequency spectral noise of MTD were higher than those of ADSD with strong correlation (p<0.01). Well defined formants were not found different between two groups. Conclusion : The wide band spectrograms provided visual perceptual information can differentiate ADSD from MTD. Spectrogram analysis is a useful diagnostic tool for differentiating ADSD from MTD where perceptual analysis and clinical evaluation alone are insufficient.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.345-351
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this double-blind study was to evaluate clinical effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection on myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) involving upper trapezius and compare with those of lidocaine injection. 21 patients presenting with active TrP1 and/or TrP2 in the upper trapezius over 6 months were selected for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups; one group injected with BTX-A (15 unit of $Botox^{(R)}$ / 0.3 ml per trigger point (TrP)) and the other group injected with 0.5% lidocaine (0.3 ml /TrP). The clinical effects were evaluated by VAS and PPT at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment. BTX-A group showed persistent decrease of VAS values and increase of PPT values following treatment. While there was no significant difference in VAS values between BTX-A and lidocaine groups (p=0.347), there was significant difference in PPT values after treatment between two groups (p=0.000). The subjects received BTX-A showed noticeable improvement in PPT values after treatment, suggesting more reliable effect of BTX-A injection compared with lidocaine injection. The results of this study support that the direct injection of BTX-A to a TrP is an effective and safe treatment for MPS involving upper trapezius.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.711-729
• /
• 2015

The purposes of this study are to derive the regions in Seoul that lack gifted education units by analyzing the spatial distribution of the units and to investigate the factors related to the unit locations. The gifted education units are divided into the three following types: the first type is a gifted class at a school, the second type is a gifted education center at a provincial office of education, and the third type is a gifted education center at a university. The results of using a GIS-based spatial analysis were as follows. First, a buffering analysis showed that even though there were gifted educational blind spots in Jongno-gu and in parts of the outskirts of Seoul, the spatial distribution of gifted education units in Seoul seemed homogeneous because they were too small. Second, a special quotient analysis showed that there was a hub unit of gifted education in Guro-gu. Third, an analysis of local Moran's Index showed that Jung-gu was a cold spot and Songa-gu was a hot spot. Fourth, a correlation analysis investigated that the number of gifted education units had generally no statistically significant relationship with economic factors. These results will help to improve the efficiency and equity of the management of the gifted education units in Seoul that will be established or expanded in the future.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.82-90
• /
• 2024

Objectives: Nitric oxide is the most important mediator of penile erection after the onset of sexual excitement. It activates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), increasing penile blood flow. Most pharmaceutical medications prevent enzyme phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) from breaking down cGMP, thus keeping its level high. However, due to the adverse effects of pharmacological therapies, herbal drugs that improve sexual function have gained attention recently. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of ginseng, Tribulus terrestris, and L-arginine amino acid on the sexual performance of individuals with erectile dysfunction (ED) using the 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Methods: Over three months, 98 men with erectile dysfunction were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg of herbal supplements or placebo pills. Each herbal tablet contained 100 mg of protodioscin, 35 mg of ginsenosides, and 250 mg of L-arginine. Results: The results showed that the changes in the average scores of ILEF-5 within each group before and after the intervention indicated that all parameters related to the improvement of sexual function in patients with erectile dysfunction improved in the herbal treatment group (p < 0.001). The herbal group significantly improved IIEF-5 scores in nondiabetics (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the changes of IIEF-5 scores between the two intervention and control groups in diabetic patients. Conclusion: In conclusion, ginseng, Tribulus terrestris, and L-arginine have properties that increase energy and strengthen sexual function, making them suitable for patients with sexual disorders.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2022

Background: Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is the most common type of temporomandibular disorder. This study compared the efficacies of low-level diode laser therapy (LLLT) and laser acupuncture therapy (LAT) in the treatment of MPDS. Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial included 24 patients with MPDS who were randomly divided into two equally sized groups. Patients in the LLLT group received 12 sessions of low-level diode laser irradiation applied to the trigger points of the masticatory muscles during 1 month. The same protocol was also used in the LAT group according to the specific trigger points. We measured pain intensity and maximum mouth opening in both groups at baseline, during treatment, and 2 months after treatment completion. Results: The pain intensities decreased from 6.58±1.31 to 0.33±0.65 and from 7.08 ± 1.37 to 0 in the LLLT and LAT groups, respectively. The maximum mouth openings increased from 32.25 ± 8.78 mm to 42.58 ± 4.75 mm and from 33 ± 6.57 mm to 45.67 ± 3.86 mm in the LLLT and LAT groups, respectively. Pain intensity (P = 0.839) and level of maximum mouth opening (P = 0.790) did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: Our results showed similar efficacy between LLLT and LAT in the treatment of MPDS signs and symptoms.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.67-84
• /
• 2010

Objectives : To review RCTs on acupuncture treatment for shoulder pain in order to establish a standard acupuncture treatment model in treating shoulder pain. Methods : RCT articles on traditional acupuncture treatment for shoulder pain were searched through online database. Quality of studies were assessed using the FEAS and the modified Jadad score. Results : Eighteen trials of acupuncture for shoulder pain were analyzed. Based on the results of these reviews the following factors might contribute to optimal results from acupuncture treatment. 1) Usage of LI, SI, TE meridians, usage of $LI_{15}$, $TE_{14}$, $GB_{21}$, $LI_{11}$, $LI_4$, $SI_{14}$, $LI_{14}$, $TE_{15}$ acupuncture points. 2) More than four acupuncture points should be used. 3) More than 15 minutes of needle retention time. 4) Needle length-40mm and diameter-0.30mm. 5) More than 9 times treatment 6) More than 5 weeks treatment duration. Conclusions : There was no relation between quality of article and effectiveness of acupuncture. To improve the remedial value, it is necessary to mention De-qi, stimulation of acupuncture and correct variation in diagnosis with the above-mentioned. It is better that clinical trials of acupuncture treatment is designed that type of RCT and double blind. Also when it is set that sham nonpenetrating acupuncture, no treatment group as a control group, and participants don't distinguish wheather acupuncture treatment or not, it will be more meaningful.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.6-10
• /
• 2011

Many patients assume that allergic reactions against foods are responsible for triggering or worsening their allergic symptoms. Therefore, it is important to identify patients who would benefit from an elimination diet, while avoiding unnecessary dietary restrictions. The diagnosis of food allergy depends on the thorough review of the patients's medical history, results of supplemented trials of dietary elimination, and in vivo and in vitro tests for measuring specific IgE levels. However, in some cases the reliability of such procedures is suboptimal. Oral food challenges are procedures employed for making an accurate diagnosis of immediate and occasionally delayed adverse reactions to foods. The timing and type of the challenge, preparation of patients, foods to be tested, and dosing schedule should be determined on the basis of the patient's history, age, and experience. Although double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges(DBPCFC) are used to establish definitively if a food is the cause of adverse reactions, they are time-consuming, expensive and troublesome for physician and patients. In practice, An open challenge controlled by trained personnel is sufficient especially in infants and young children. The interpretation of the results and follow-up after a challenge are also important. Since theses challenges are relatively safe and informative, controlled oral food challenges could become the measure of choice in children.