• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 2008

This study has made an in-depth analysis of the 'Puzzle System' which is a characteristic structural unit of the Adventure Game, and concentrates on the mechanism where the experience arouses in the player a 'desire (quasi-need) to finish' that leads to one's immersion and engagement in the game. In the course of conducting this study, documentary records were consulted and also this writer personally played video games to learn the component elements and fundamental characteristics of the Adventure Games and to experience how the player was immersed in the game. Thus, the Puzzle System in the Adventure Game was defined and an analysis was made of the structure and course of play where the puzzle part and the narrative part within the system organically interacted between them in the system. In order to confirm the formation and effects of 'desire to finish' shown in the hypothetic assumptions, two experiment-purpose game units were produced, one with dramatic cut scenes and the other without them, so that differences between them could be found. I also conducted an experiment to learn the generation and effect of the 'desire to finish' of the Puzzle elements by using different games with a varying degree of difficulty.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.75-85
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• 2008

For the activation and wide distribution of User Created Contents (UCC) sites have diversified user-created possibilities. Among these contents, User Created Game (UCG) sites are places where users can create and share their game contents with others. The method of UCG development can be classified into two categories according to the uses' level of professionalism. First, the method of using the authoring tools is suggested for those unfamiliar with the development or creation of contents. Although the authoring tool is easy to use, there are many functional limitations. Second, development using program languages is suggested for trained advanced users but has the limitation of a prolonged development period. This paper proposes a new method, generating the script which will expand the current functional limitations entailed behind the authoring tools used by first time and less trained users. In order to verify the proposed method in a real UCG development environment, a framework encompassing GUI, script generating function and program source generating function were constructed.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.31-48
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• 2006

This study was motivated by a recent channel conflict on subsidies for mobile handset between a service provider and a handset manufacturer in the mobile communication market. In this study, we have developed a two-person non-zero sum game for the channel conflict on subsidies for mobile handset, and derived its optimal strategic game solution. As a result, we have found that, between the service operator and the handset manufacturer, one who has high level of market leadership in his own market has a power to affect the optimal strategic game solution. We have also found that, when the service operator and the handset manufacturer have relatively high level of market leadership in their own market, there exist both of potential channel conflict and cooperation. The result of this study may provide an effective reference for a solution of similar channel conflicts.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between internet game addiction and emotional and behavioral characteristics of students both in the 5th and 6th grade of elementary school and in middle school. Methods : Two elementary schools and two middle schools were chosen to participate. The students completed selfreport questionnaires designed by the authors, called the Internet Game Addiction Scale, Korean youth self-report (K-YSR). Results : Compared to previous studies, the rates of those in the obvious game addiction group were much lower in this study. We defined the upper 10% of internet game addiction scores as a high risk user group and the lower 10% as a control group. There were significant differences between the groups with respect to the the ages at which internet gaming began, the frequency of game play per week, and the average length of each game playing session. Significant associations were also found between the level of internet game addiction and the withdrawn and delinquency subscales of the K-YSR. However, the association between game addiction and the withdrawn subscale was found only in middle school students. Conclusion : The findings from this study suggested that withdrawn and delinquent behaviors could be predictors of internet game addiction. Results also suggested the importance of early childhood intervention for preventing the development of more severe psychopathology in early adolescence.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose an educational system that involves a business game simulator and related curriculum. To develop these two elements, we examined the decision-making process related to business management and identified some significant skills thereby. In addition, we created an original simulator, named BizLator (http://bizlator.com), to help students develop these skills efficiently. Next, we developed a curriculum suitable for the simulator. We confirmed the effectiveness of the simulator and curriculum in a business-game-based class at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo. On the basis of this, we compared our education system with a conventional system. This allowed us to identify advantages of and issues with our proposed system. Furthermore, we proposed a speech recognition support system named BizVoice in order to provide the teachers with more meaningful feedback, such as level of students' understanding. Concretely, BizVocie fetches students' speech of discussion during the game and converts the voice data to text data with speech recognition technology. Finally, teachers can grasp students' parameters of understanding, and thereby, the students also can take more effective class using BizLator. We also confirmed the effectiveness of the system in the class of Aoyama Gakuin Universiry.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2008

This research was conducted to explore relationships among situation awareness, presence, and performance on a handheld game console. Situation Awareness was measured by SAGAT (Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique) while presence was measured by PQ (Presence Questionnaire) version 3.0. The performance was measured by the number of aircraft shot down during the flight simulator game. The results show that both situation awareness and presence were positively significantly correlated with performance. In order to investigate the effect of performance level, subjects were divided into two significantly different groups: low and high performance groups. In the low performance group, both situation awareness and presence showed a significantly positive correlation with performance. The correlation between presence and situation awareness also showed a positively significant correlation. However, in the high performance group, there were no significant correlations among them. In conclusion, different performance levels could be said to be an important factor in the study of situation awareness and presence. Furthermore, this study also proved that the domain of research on situation awareness and presence was extended to small displays such as the handheld game console.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 2008

Lacan's Identification theory has been applied to various cultural genres such as literature, film, media so on. Especially, Identification theory in Film Theory gives game researchers who try to apply identification theory to the game, a concrete base. This paper aims to explain the gamer's action through identification theory. Thus, we divide identification into the level of the gamer's point of view and that of the character in game text. While point-on-view of identification, the primary identification, in film has been explained that the audience identifies with camera's point-of view, in game one identifies with various point-of-views. There are two aspects of Identification of characters in game. First, gamers identify themselves with moving images on screen. Second, They identify with the roles given to themselves. The factors which allow them identification are suppression of false statement system, interpolation and process of selection, arrangement, a cursor, colours on screen.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.31-40
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• 2020

The effects of two different types of haptic feedback(one-hand versus two-hand haptic feedback) on interactivity and body ownership were investigated in the virtual reality setting through an experiment. Using within-subject design, participants performed the task of hitting and destroying a ball-shaped object in virtual reality for both, one-hand and two-hand haptic feedback conditions. The results showed that participants tended to report a higher level of interactivity when using two-hand haptic feedback, whereas there was no difference between the two conditions in a sense of body ownership.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.29-53
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• 2012

As so many marketers get to use diverse sales promotion methods, manufacturer and retailer in a channel often use them too. In this context, diverse issues on sales promotion management arise. One of them is the issue of unplanned buying. Consumers' unplanned buying is clearly better off for the retailer but not for manufacturer. This asymmetric influence of unplanned buying should be dealt with prudently because of its possibility of provocation of channel conflict. However, there have been scarce studies on the sales promotion management strategy considering the unplanned buying and its asymmetric effect on retailer and manufacturer. In this paper, we try to find a better way for a manufacturer in a channel to promote performance through the retailer's sales promotion efforts when there is potential of unplanned buying effect. We investigate via game-theoretic modeling what is the optimal cost sharing level between the manufacturer and retailer when there is unplanned buying effect. We investigated following issues about the topic as follows: (1) What structure of cost sharing mechanism should the manufacturer and retailer in a channel choose when unplanned buying effect is strong (or weak)? (2) How much payoff could the manufacturer and retailer in a channel get when unplanned buying effect is strong (or weak)? We focus on the impact of unplanned buying effect on the optimal cost sharing mechanism for sales promotions between a manufacturer and a retailer in a same channel. So we consider two players in the game, a manufacturer and a retailer who are interacting in a same distribution channel. The model is of complete information game type. In the model, the manufacturer is the Stackelberg leader and the retailer is the follower. Variables in the model are as following table. Manufacturer's objective function in the basic game is as follows: ${\Pi}={\Pi}_1+{\Pi}_2$, where, ${\Pi}_1=w_1(1+L-p_1)-{\psi}^2$, ${\Pi}_2=w_2(1-{\epsilon}L-p_2)$. And retailer's is as follows: ${\pi}={\pi}_1+{\pi}_2$, where, ${\pi}_1=(p_1-w_1)(1+L-p_1)-L(L-{\psi})+p_u(b+L-p_u)$, ${\pi}_2=(p_2-w_2)(1-{\epsilon}L-p_2)$. The model is of four stages in two periods. Stages of the game are as follows. (Stage 1) Manufacturer sets wholesale price of the first period($w_1$) and cost sharing level of channel sales promotion(${\Psi}$). (Stage 2) Retailer sets retail price of the focal brand($p_1$), the unplanned buying item($p_u$), and sales promotion level(L). (Stage 3) Manufacturer sets wholesale price of the second period($w_2$). (Stage 4) Retailer sets retail price of the second period($p_2$). Since the model is a kind of dynamic games, we try to find a subgame perfect equilibrium to derive some theoretical and managerial implications. In order to obtain the subgame perfect equilibrium, we use the backward induction method. In using backward induction approach, we solve the problems backward from stage 4 to stage 1. By completely knowing follower's optimal reaction to the leader's potential actions, we can fold the game tree backward. Equilibrium of each variable in the basic game is as following table. We conducted more analysis of additional game about diverse cost level of manufacturer. Manufacturer's objective function in the additional game is same with that of the basic game as follows: ${\Pi}={\Pi}_1+{\Pi}_2$, where, ${\Pi}_1=w_1(1+L-p_1)-{\psi}^2$, ${\Pi}_2=w_2(1-{\epsilon}L-p_2)$. But retailer's objective function is different from that of the basic game as follows: ${\pi}={\pi}_1+{\pi}_2$, where, ${\pi}_1=(p_1-w_1)(1+L-p_1)-L(L-{\psi})+(p_u-c)(b+L-p_u)$, ${\pi}_2=(p_2-w_2)(1-{\epsilon}L-p_2)$. Equilibrium of each variable in this additional game is as following table. Major findings of the current study are as follows: (1) As the unplanned buying effect gets stronger, manufacturer and retailer had better increase the cost for sales promotion. (2) As the unplanned buying effect gets stronger, manufacturer had better decrease the cost sharing portion of total cost for sales promotion. (3) Manufacturer's profit is increasing function of the unplanned buying effect. (4) All results of (1),(2),(3) are alleviated by the increase of retailer's procurement cost to acquire unplanned buying items. The authors discuss the implications of those results for the marketers in manufacturers or retailers. The current study firstly suggests some managerial implications for the manufacturer how to share the sales promotion cost with the retailer in a channel to the high or low level of the consumers' unplanned buying potential.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.227-264
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• 2021

This paper summarizes the concept of ludonarrative dissonance that occurred in the realm of full-scale game criticism, and materializes it with the latest work . In the process, it is examined that this game actively utilizes the ludonarrative dissonance to deliver cognitive experiences to players that go beyond the definition of gameness. Along with the all-round development of AAA-class games, the ludonarrative dissonance is emerging as an important task that each game must overcome. On the contrary, however, it should be noted that has a different effect than expected by revealing rather than overcoming the ludonarrative dissonance. The ludonarrative dissonance conveyed by has the effects of ironic interpretative possibilities. This paper looks at dissonance in two dimensions, and the first is the dissonance between the play-narrative structure inside the game. induces the player to recognize the dissonance and actively reconstruct the meaning of the whole game by reminding the player of the dissonance that occurs between the two structures. Second, it stimulates the cognitive dissonance that exists inside the player playing the game beyond the internal structure of the game. That is, by expanding the concept of gameness, it evokes the possibility that games can function more than a tool for convenient self-efficacy. As such, the ludonnarrative dissonance can be a more fundamental redefinition of game nature and an expression of a problem consciousness about the possibility of change.