• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.217-226
• /
• 2014

In this research, we study the problem of opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) in a time-varying environment with fading channels, where the channel state is characterized by both channel quality and the occupancy of primary users (PUs). First, a finite-state Markov channel model is introduced to represent a fading channel. Second, by probing channel quality and exploring the activities of PUs jointly, a two-dimensional partially observable Markov decision process framework is proposed for OSA. In addition, a greedy strategy is designed, where a secondary user selects a channel that has the best-expected data transmission rate to maximize the instantaneous reward in the current slot. Compared with the optimal strategy that considers future reward, the greedy strategy brings low complexity and relatively ideal performance. Meanwhile, the spectrum sensing error that causes the collision between a PU and a secondary user (SU) is also discussed. Furthermore, we analyze the multiuser situation in which the proposed single-user strategy is adopted by every SU compared with the previous one. By observing the simulation results, the proposed strategy attains a larger throughput than the previous works under various parameter configurations.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제27권9호
• /
• pp.1539-1545
• /
• 2003

A lot of researches have been performed on the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) which produces ultra-fine grains. Along with the experiments, the finite element method has been widely employed to investigate the deformation behavior of specimen during ECAP and the effects of process parameters of ECAP. In this paper, pure-Zirconium is considered for ECAP process by using three-dimensional finite element analysis. The results have been compared with those of previous two-dimensional analysis and with the experimental results

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 1997

Heat-transfer enhancement is seeked through modifications of fin surface. Real life plate-fin heat exchangers have complex three-dimensional geometries. Fins can have arrays of dimples and are attached to rows of penetrating tubes. To isolate the effect of surface modification, we model the real flow by a two-dimensional channel flow with a dimple on one side. The flow is analysed by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation by a finite volume method on a generalized boundary-fitted coordinate. Results show a trapped vortex inside the dimple for all cases computed. Local maximum of Nusselt number occurs near the downstream end of the dimple, due to such a vortex. Location of the vortex does not change with respect to the wall temperature change, but moved downstream when Reynolds number increases. This, together with the results that in all cases vortex core is somewhat downstream of the dimple center, suggests that the mean flow above continuously feeds the kinetic energy to the recirculating flow. Heat transfer enhancement and pressure losses are studied through analysing the relevant dimensionless parameters like, Nusselt number and friction factor. In all cases computed, dimpled channel flow experiences less pressure loss than two-dimensional Poiseuille flow.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제17권9호
• /
• pp.67-81
• /
• 2019

Purpose - The overarching aim of this study is to empirically test the effect of ex-post control mechanisms on multi-dimensional trust and channel performance in franchise systems. Although the franchise system is a vertical marketing channel based on trust between the franchisor and the franchisees, issues related to franchisee's opportunistic behavior have persisted and thus requires research into the effective control system of franchise headquarters. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, data was collected from 150 franchises to identify the effect of two types of franchising headquarters' control system on the multi-dimensional trust and franchise channel outcome between franchisor and franchisee. To test the hypotheses intended to achieve this aim, structural equations modeling technique is utilized. Results - The results of this research reveal that among the two formal control systems studied (output and process control), output control positively and significantly affects multidimensional trust. Additionally, among the three dimensions of trust employed in this study, only expertise has a positive and significant effect on contract compliance. Equally, only expertise and integrity have a negative and significant effect on opportunistic behavior. Conclusions - The study provides managerial and theoretical insights into understanding ex-post control mechanisms, trust, compliance and opportunistic behaviors in franchise systems.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.35-38
• /
• 1978

Buried Channel MOS 트랜지스터에서의 미소전류(Subthreshold Current)를 2차원 평면에서 Poisson 방정식과 연속 방정식을 Interactive 하게 적용함으로써 계산하였다. 계산 결과를' 실험 결과와 비교하였고 미소 전류 영역에서는 두 결과가 비교적 잘 일치하고 있음을 보였다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산유체공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.2-5
• /
• 2008

This study describes the numerical simulation of three-dimensional droplet formation and the following motion in a cross-junction microchannel by using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Our aim is to develop the three-dimensional binary fluids model, consisting of two sets of distribution functions to represent the total fluid density and the density difference, which introduces the repulsive interaction consistent with a free-energy function between two fluids. We validated the LBM code with the velocity profile in a 3-dimensional rectangular channel. Then, we applied our code to the numerical simulation of a binary fluid flow in a cross-junction channel focusing on the investigation of the droplet formulation. Due to the pressure and interfacial-tension effect, one component of the fluids which is injected from one inlet is cut off into many droplets periodically by the other component which is injected from the other inlets. We considered the effect of the boundary conditions for density difference (order parameter) on the wetting of the droplet to the side walls.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.261-264
• /
• 2009

We present a three-dimensional (3D) particle focusing channel using the positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP) guided by a dielectric structure between two planar electrodes. The dielectric structure between two planar electrodes induces the maximum electric field at the center of the microchannel, and particles are focused to the center of the microchannel by pDEP as they flow from the single sample injection port. Compared to the previous 3D particle focusing methods, the present device achieves the simple and effective particle focusing function without any additional fluidic ports and top electrodes. In the experimental study, approximately 90 % focusing efficiency were achieved within the focusing length of 2mm, on both x-z plane (top-view) and y-z plane (side-view) for $2{\mu}m$-diameter polystyrene (PS) bead at the applied voltage over 15 Vp-p (square wave) and at the flow rate below 0.01 ${\mu}l$/min. The present 3D particle focusing channel results in a simple particle focusing method suitable for use in integrated microbiochemical analysis system.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.40-50
• /
• 2011

A two-dimensional (2D) analytical model for the potential distribution and threshold voltage of short-channel ion-implanted GaAs MESFETs operating in the sub-threshold regime has been presented. A double-integrable Gaussian-like function has been assumed as the doping distribution profile in the vertical direction of the channel. The Schottky gate has been assumed to be semi-transparent through which optical radiation is coupled into the device. The 2D potential distribution in the channel of the short-channel device has been obtained by solving the 2D Poisson's equation by using suitable boundary conditions. The effects of excess carrier generation due to the incident optical radiation in channel region have been included in the Poisson's equation to study the optical effects on the device. The potential function has been utilized to model the threshold voltage of the device under dark and illuminated conditions. The proposed model has been verified by comparing the theoretically predicted results with simulated data obtained by using the commercially available $ATLAS^{TM}$ 2D device simulator.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.131-142
• /
• 1999

본 연구에서는 금강 부여취수구를 중심으로 한 금강본류의 상하류에 대한 수리적 특성 및 유사론적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 1차원 및 준2차원 수치해석적 유사모의 분석을 실시하였다. 1차원 유사이동 수치모형 모의분석은 HEC-6를 사용하였으며 준2차원 유사이동 수치모형 모의분석은 GSTARS를 이용하여 1988년부터 1996년까지에 대한 유사이동 수치모형 모의분석을 실시하여 프로그램의 현장 적용가능성을 분석한 후 1988년부터 2001년까지에 대한 예측을 통하여 금강 부여취수탑 주변에 대한 유사이동 현황분석을 실시하였다. 1988년 실측된 하상 실측 자료를 초기 하상자료로 하여 13년 후인 2001년의 장기하상변동을 예측한 결과 전체적으로는 금강본류를 따라 퇴적 및 침식이 반복되는 현황을 보이고 있고 금강 부여취수구 주변 및 취수구 하류부근에서는 최심하상고가 높아져 계속 퇴적되는 추세를 보여주고 있었다.

• 물과 미래
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 1992

유역내 공간적 및 시간적 분포특성을 가진 이동강우를 해석하기 위하여 분포형 모델을 개발하였으며 이 유역모델은 지표면 흐름과 하천망 흐름으로 나누어 유출을 해석하였다. 지표면의 흐름은 2차원의 연속방정식과 운동량 방정식을 이요하였는데 kinematic 이론을 도입하여 운동량 방정식을 간략화 하였으며 하천망 흐름은 하천망을 일체로 하여 1차원의 연속방정식과 운동량방정식들을 이용하였다. 기본방정식들의 수치해석법으로 지표면의 흐름은 유한요소법을 이용하였으며 하천망에 대한 해석은 음해법의 유한차분법을 이용하였다. 모델은 특히 이동강우에 있어서 중요한 특색인 공간적 및 시간적 특성을 효과적으로 해석할 수 있도록 개발되었다. 또한 모델은 구성된 행렬의 특징을 이용하였는데, 지표면 유출모델은 Gauss 소거법을 이용하여 그해를 구하였으며 하천망 해석은 double sweep 방법을 적용하기 위한 여러 종류의 순환계수방정식을 제안하였고 이를 이용하여 그 해를 구하였다.