• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.825-830
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• 2004

A numerical analysis based on two-dimensional and three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations has been carried out for double-circular-arc (DCA) compressor cascades. Two types of double-circular-arc cascades were used in this analysis. The appropriate turbulence model for compressor analysis was selected among the conventional turbulence models such as Baldwin-Lomax, k-$\varepsilon$ and k-$\varepsilon$ models. The results of current study were compared with available experimental data at various incidence angles. The 2-D and 3-D computational codes based on SIMPLE/PWIM algorithm for collocated grid and hybrid scheme for the convective terms were the main features of numerical tools. As commonly known, turbulence modeling is very important for the prediction of cascade flows, which are extremely complex with separation and reattachment by adverse pressure gradient. For selection of turbulence model, 2-D analysis was performed. And then, k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model with wall function chosen as the reasonable turbulence model for 3-D calculation was used to increase the efficiency of computation times. A reasonable result of 3-D flow pattern passing through the double-circular-arc cascade was obtained.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.647-670
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• 2013

The paper presents a numerical approach to study of fluid flow characteristics and to predict performance of wind turbines. The numerical model is based on Finite-volume method (FVM) discretization of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations. The movement of turbine blades is modeled using moving mesh technique. The turbulence is modeled using commonly used turbulence models: Renormalization Group (RNG) k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and the standard k-${\varepsilon}$ and k-${\omega}$ turbulence models. The model is validated with the experimental data over a large range of tip-speed to wind ratio (TSR) and blade pitch angles. In order to demonstrate the use of numerical method as a tool for designing wind turbines, two dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) simulations are carried out to study the flow through a small scale Darrieus type H-rotor Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The flows predictions are used to determine the performance of the turbine. The turbine consists of 3-symmetrical NACA0022 blades. A number of simulations are performed for a range of approaching angles and wind speeds. This numerical study highlights the concerns with the self-starting capabilities of the present VAWT turbine. However results also indicate that self-starting capabilities of the turbine can be increased when the mounted angle of attack of the blades is increased. The 2-D simulations using the presented model can successfully be used at preliminary stage of turbine design to compare performance of the turbine for different design and operating parameters, whereas 3-D studies are preferred for the final design.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.255-274
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• 2023

The aim of this paper is to enhance the accuracy of predicting time-averaged external surface pressures on low-rise buildings by utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. To achieve this, benchmark studies of the Silsoe cube and the Texas Tech University (TTU) experimental building are employed for comparison with simulation results. The paper is structured into three main sections. In the initial part, an appropriate domain size is selected based on the precision of mean pressure coefficients on the windward face of the cube, utilizing Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models. Subsequently, recommendations regarding the optimal computational domain size for an isolated building are provided based on revised findings. Moving on to the second part, the Silsoe cube model is examined within a horizontally homogeneous computational domain using more accurate turbulence models, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and hybrid RANS-LES models. For computational efficiency, transient simulation settings are employed, building upon previous studies by the authors at the Windstorm Impact, Science, and Engineering (WISE) Lab, Louisiana State University (LSU). An optimal meshing strategy is determined for LES based on a grid convergence study. Three hybrid RANS-LES cases are investigated to achieve desired enhancements in the distribution of mean pressure coefficients on the Silsoe cube. In the final part, a 1:10 scale model of the TTU building is studied, incorporating the insights gained from the second part. The generated flow characteristics, including vertical profiles of mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and velocity spectra (small and large eddies), exhibit good agreement with full-scale (TTU) measurements. The results indicate promising roof pressures achieved through the careful consideration of meshing strategy, time step, domain size, inflow turbulence, near-wall treatment, and turbulence models. Moreover, this paper demonstrates an improvement in mean roof pressures compared to other state-of-the-art studies, thus highlighting the significance of CFD simulations in building aerodynamics.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.711-718
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• 1999

Current turbulence models including modified $K-{\varepsilon}-{\tau}$ turbulence model do not predict compression effect on turbulence accurately in an internal combustion engine. The $K-{\varepsilon}-{\tau}$ turbulence model was suggested to improve the predictability of compression effect by We et al. In this paper a numeri-cal study was performed to clarify the applicability of the $K-{\varepsilon}-{\tau}$ turbulenc model to the calculation of the in-cylinder flow of an axisymmetric engine. THe results using $K-{\varepsilon}-{\tau}$ turbulence model are compared to those from the modified $K-{\varepsilon}-{\tau}$ turbulence model and experimental data. The mean veloc-ity and rms velocity profiles using $K-{\varepsilon}-{\tau}$ turbulence model showed a better agreement with an experimental data than those of modifid $K-{\varepsilon}-e$ turbulence model.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.81-86
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• 2012

The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of various turbulence models on the aerodynamic noise of an air-conditioner (AC) indoor unit. The results from URANS (unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) simulations with the standard k-$\varepsilon$, k-$\omega$ shear stress transport (SST) and Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence models were analyzed and compared with the noise data from the experiments. The frequency spectra of the far-field acoustic pressure were computed using the Farrasat equation derived from the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation based on the acoustic analogy model. Two fixed fan casings and the rotating cross-flow fan were used as the source surfaces of the dipole noise in the Farrasat equation. The result with the standard k-$\epsilon$ model showed a much better agreement with the experimental data compared to the k-w SST and S-A models. The differences in the pressure spectra from the different turbulence models were discussed based on the instantaneous vorticity fields. It was found that the over-estimated power spectra with the k-w SST and S-A models are related to the emphasized small-scale vortices produced with these models.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.6-15
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• 2003

It is an aim of this study to perform extensive numerical study for analyzing the anisotropic turbulence effects on spatial and temporal behaviors of droplet for impinging sprays. The turbulence model of Durbin is used for comparisons with the k-ε model. The turbulence-induced dispersions of droplets are considered to describe the anisotropy of turbulence effectively and spray/wall interactions are simulated using the model of Lee and Ryou. Present study investigates the overall and the internal structures of impinging diesel sprays such as spray shapes, radius and height of wall sprays, Sauter mean diameter (SMD), local droplet velocity, and local gas velocity and compared the results with experimental data by two adopted turbulence models. When the anisotropy effect of turbulence is included, better predictions for both gas and droplet tangential velocities are obtained, compared to the k-ε model. It is concluded that anisotropic effect of turbulence should be considered for simulating impinging diesel sprays.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2003

It is an aim of this study to perform extensive numerical study for analyzing the anisotropic turbulence effects on spatial and temporal behaviors of diesel sprays after wall impingement. The turbulence model of Durbin is used for comparisons with the $k-\varepsilon$ model. The turbulence-induced dispersions of droplets are considered to describe the anisotropy of turbulence effectively and the spray/wall interactions are simulated using the model of Lee and Ryou. The present study investigates the internal structures of impinging diesel sprays such as Sauter mean diameter (SMD), loca1 droplet velocities, and local gas velocities and also compares the results predicted by two turbulence models with the experimental data. The Durbin's model considering the anisotropy of turbulence predicts both gas and droplet tangential velocities better than the$k-\varepsilon$ model does. It is concluded that the anisotropy of turbulence should be considered in simulating impinging diesel sprays.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.440-452
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• 1990

Comprehensive numberical computations have been made for four turbulent swirling jets with and without recirculation to critically evaluate the accuracy and universality of several exising turbulence models as well as of the modified k-.epsilon. model proposed in the present study. A numerical scheme based on the full Navier-Stoke equations ha been developed and used for this purpose. Inlet conditions are given by experiments, whenever possible, to minimize the error due to incorrect initial conditions. The standard k-.epsilon. model performs well for the strongly swirling jets with recirculation while it underpredicts the influence of swirl for weakly swirling jets. Rodi's swirl correction and algebraic stress model do not exhibit universality for the swirling jets. The present modified k-.epsilon. model derived from algebraic stress model accounts for anisotropy and streamline curvature effect on turbulence. This model performs consistently better than others for all cases. It may be because these flows have a strong dependence of stresses on the local strain of the mean flow. The predictions of truculence intensities indicate that this model successfully reflect the curvature effect in swirling jets, i.e. the stabilizing and destabilizing effects of swirl on turbulence transport.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.553-574
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• 2009

This paper presents statistical analysis results of wind speed and atmospheric turbulence data measured from more than 30 anemometers installed at 15 different height levels on 325 m high Beijing Meteorological Tower and is primarily intended to provide useful information on boundary layer wind characteristics for wind-resistant design of tall buildings and high-rise structures. Profiles of mean wind speed are presented based on the field measurements and are compared with empirical models' predictions. Relevant parameters of atmospheric boundary layer at urban terrain are determined from the measured wind speed profiles. Furthermore, wind velocity data in longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions, which were recorded from an ultrasonic anemometer during windstorms, are analyzed and discussed. Atmospheric turbulence information such as turbulence intensity, gust factor, turbulence integral length scale and power spectral densities of the three-dimensional fluctuating wind velocity are presented and used to evaluate the adequacy of existing theoretical and empirical models. The objective of this study is to investigate the profiles of mean wind speed and atmospheric turbulence characteristics over a typical urban area.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1998

A diffuser, an important equipment to change kinetic energy into pressure energy, has been studied for a long time. Though experimental and theoretical researches have been done, the understanding of energy transfer and detailed mechanism of energy dissipation is unclear. As far as numerical prediction of diffuser flows are concerned, various numerical studies have also been done. On the contrary, many turbulence models have constraint to the applicability of diffuser-like complex flows, because of anisotropy of turbulence near the wall and of local nonequilibrium induced by an adverse pressure gradient. The existing $k-{\epsilon}$ turbulence models have some problems in the case of being applied to complex turbulent flows. The purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of the nonlinear $k-{\epsilon}$ model concerning diffuser-like flows with expansion and streamline curvature. The results show that the nonlinear $k-{\epsilon}$ turbulence model predicted well the coefficient of pressure, velocity profiles and turbulent kinetic energy distributions, however the shear stress prediction was failed.