• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2010

Rhenium-186, having a half-life of 90.64 h, is an important radionuclide, used in metabolic radiotherapy and radio immunotherapy. $^{186}Re$ hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) is a new compound used for the palliation of painful skeletal metastases. Its production is achieved via charged-particle-induced reactions; the data are available in EXFOR library. For the work discussed in this paper, production of $^{186}Re$ was done via $^{nat}W(p,n)^{186}Re$ nuclear reaction. Pellets of $^{nat}W$ were used as targets and were irradiated with 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25 MeV proton beams at 5 ${\mu}A$ current. The radiochemical separation was performed by the ion exchange chromatography method. The production yield achieved at 25 MeV was 1.91 $MBq{\cdot}{\mu}A^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$. Excitation functions for the $^{186}Re$ radionuclide, via $^{186}W(p,n)^{186}Re$ and $^{186}W(d,2n)^{186}Re$ reactions were calculated by ALICE-ASH and TALYS-1.0 codes to validate and fit the experimental data and to obtain a recommended set of data for $^{186}W(p,n)^{186}Re$ reaction. Required thickness of the targets was obtained by SRIM code for each reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.186-188
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• 1963

An attempt to improve the method of volumetric determination of tungsten developed by Luke has been made successfully. Using amalgam coated lead instead of pure metallic lead in the reduction procedure. W(VI)-W(III) reduction has been found to be quantitative in rather concentrated hydrochloric acid. Since there was no excessive dissolution of lead via reduction of hydrogen ion, lead surface was totally accessible for the reduction of tungsten and no trouble was caused by dereposition of $PbCl_2$ crystals at the nozzle of Jones reductor. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that almost 100 mg. of $WO_3$ can be handled easily if the chloride concentration of the HCl is increased by adding solid $NH_4Cl$.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.178-186
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• 1990

다결정 실리콘 상의 텅스텐 시리사이드 막의 Si/W 조성비, 저항 및 응력을 측정함으로써 어닐링과 산화에 따른 막 특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 막형성 직후의 텅스텐 시리사이드 막의 Si/W 조성비는 2.6이었으나 어닐링 후에는 2.4-2.6으로 산화후에는 2.0-2.3으로 감소하였다. 비저항은 막형성 직후에는 41.2.OMEGA./$\square$ 로, 산화후에는 4.3.OMEGA./$\square$으로 감소하였다. 또한 텅스텐 실리사이드 막의 응력은 SiH$_{4}$유량의 증가에 따라 감소하였으며 어닐링후에는 증가하였다. 그밖에 과잉의 Si, 도펀트 P 그리고 막내에 유입된 F와 H등은 열처리시 실리사이드/다결정 Si 및 실리사이드/SiO$_{2}$의 계면으로 이동하여 응력의 증가를 초래하는 것으로 보인다.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.07a
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• pp.186-187
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.8 no.3A
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• pp.181-186
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• 1999

The diffusion of oxygen atoms on tungsten (110) surface is studied by comparison of experiment results and recent calculations. It has been suggested that the thermodynamic factor which is inversely proportional to be compressibility has strong temperature dependence which may cause non-Arrhenius behavior of diffusion coefficient. Recent experiments, however, indicate effectively no temperature dependence of this factor and support the view that non-Arrhenius behavior originates from the dynamic factor rather than the thermodynamic factor. Discrepancies in coverage dependence of physical quantities between theory and experiment are discussed.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.189-192
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• 1999

$^{188}Re$ (${\beta}^-=2.2$ MeV; ${\gamma}^-$=155 keV; $T_{1/2}$=16.9 hours) is an attractive therapeutic radioisotope which is produced from decay of reactor-produced tungsten-188 parent ($T_{1/2}$=69 days). $^{188}W$ has been produced from the double neutron capture reaction of $^{186}W.\;^{188}Re$ can be easily obtained by elution of saline on alumina based $^{188}W/^{188}Re$ generator, which is commercially available. Complexes labelled with $^{188}Re$ have been developed for the radiotherapy treatment of diseases because of the desirable nuclear properties of the radioisotope and it's chemical properties similar to those of technetium, a well established diagnostic agent.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2015

In this study, the effect of the friction stir welding (FSW) was compared with that of the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on the microstructure and microhardness of Cu-Ni alloy weldment. The weldment of 10 mm thickness was fabricated by FSW and GTAW, respectively. Both weldments were compared with each other by optical microstructure, microhardness test and grain size measurement. Results of this study suggest that the microhardness decreased from the base metal (BM) to the heat affected zone (HAZ) and increased at fusion zone (FZ) of GTAW and stir zone (SZ) of FSW. the minimum Hv value of both weldment was obtained at HAZ, respectively, which represents the softening zone, whereas Hv value of FSW weldment was little higher than that of GTAW weldment. These phenomena can be explained by the grain size difference between HAZs of each weldment. Grain size was increased at the HAZ during FSW and GTAW. Because FSW is a solid-state joining process obtaining the lower heat-input generated by rotating shoulder than heat generated in the arc of GTAW.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.225-237
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• 1985

Mineralization of Daehwa and Donsan W-Mo deposits can be devided into three distinct depositional stages on the basis of mineral paragenesis and flnid inclusion studies; stage I, deposition of oxides and silicates ; stage II, deposition of base-metal sulfides and sulfosalts with carbonates; stage III, deposition of barren calcite and fluorite. Tungsten, molybdenum and tin mineralization occurred in stage I. Fluid inclusion studies reveal that ore fluid of stage I were homogeneous $H_2O-CO_2$ fluids containing 3.5~14.6 mol % $CO_2$. Minimum temperature and pressure of stage I ore fluids were $240^{\circ}C$ and 500 bars respectively. Salinities of aqueous type I inclusions in minerals of stage I range from 3.7 to 7.6 wt. % equi. NaCl. whereas those of $CO_2$-containing type III inclusions range from 0.3 to 4.4 wt. %. Temperatures of stage II ore fluids range from 200 to $305^{\circ}C$ on the whole and salinities were in the range of 3.2~7.2 wt. %. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in calcite and fluorite of stage III range from 114 to $186^{\circ}C$ and salinities were in the range of 0.9~4.3 wt. %. Sulfur fugacities during stage II deduced from mineral assemblages and tamperature data from fluid inclusions declined from earlier to later in the range of $10^{-11}{\sim}10^{-18}atm$. Fluid inclusion evidences suggest that the dominance of $CO_2$ in ore fluid during W-Mo mineralization is the characteristic features of Cretaceous W-Mo deposits of central district of Korea compared to those of Kyeongsang basin district.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.275-279
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• 1998

The influence of $WO_3$ (0.5-4.0mol%) on the microstructural and electrical properties of ZnO varistors was investigated. The major part of a tungsten segregated to the nodal point. SEM, EDAX, and XRD analysis revealed that three phase, such as W-rich phase, Bi-rich phase, and spinel phase, coexist at the nodal point. The average grain size increased in the range of 15.5-29.9pm with increasing $WO_3$ content. This may be probably attributed to liquid phase formed by $WO_3$, $WO_3$ acted as promotion additive of grain growth. As $WO_3$ content increase, the varistor voltage greatly decreased in the range 186.82-35.87V/mm due to the increase of grain growth. The barrier height decreased in the range 1.93-0.42eV with increasing $WO_3$content.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1871-1877
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• 2023

The main goal of the coordinated project development of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals of Y-90 and Re-188 is to exploit advancements in radionuclide production technology. Here, direct and indirect production methods with medium reactor and cyclotron are compared to evaluate derived neutron flux and production yield. First, nano-sized ¹⁸⁶W and ⁸⁹Y specimens are suspended in water in a quartz vial by FLUKA simulation. Then, the solution is irradiated for 4 days under 9E+14 n/cm2/s neutron flux of reactor. Also, a neutron activator including three layers-lead moderator, graphite reflector, and polyethylene absorbent- is simulated and tungsten target is irradiated by 60 MeV protons of cyclotron to generate induced neutrons for ¹⁸⁸W and ⁹⁰Sr production via neutron capture. As the neutron energy reduced, the flux gradually increased towards epithermal range to satisfy (n/2n,γ) reactions. The obtained specific activities at saturation were higher than the reported experimental values because the accumulated epithermal flux and nano-sized specimens influence the outcomes. The beta emitters, which are widely utilized in brachytherapy, appeal an alternative route to locally achieve a rational yield. Therefore, the proposed method via neutron activator may ascertain these broad requirements.