• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2013

Purpose: We are to find out the difference of calculated dose of treatment planning system (TPS) and measured dose in case of inhomogeneous organ structure. Materials and Methods: Inhomogeneous phantom is made with solid water phantom and cork plate. CT image of inhomogeneous phantom is acquired. Treatment plan is made with TPS (Pinnacle3 9.2. Royal Philips Electronics, Netherlands) and calculated dose of point of interest is acquired. Treatment plan was delivered in the inhomogeneous phantom by ARTISTE (Siemens AG, Germany) measured dose of each point of interest is obtained with Gafchromic EBT2 film (International Specialty Products, US) in the gap between solid water phantom or cork plate. To simulate lung cancer radiation treatment, artificial tumor target of paraffin is inserted in the cork volume of inhomogeneous phantom. Calculated dose and measured dose are acquired as above. Results: In case of inhomogeneous phantom experiment, dose difference of calculated dose and measured dose is about -8.5% at solid water phantom-cork gap and about -7% lower in measured dose at cork-solid water phantom gap. In case of inhomogeneous phantom inserted paraffin target experiment, dose difference is about 5% lower in measured dose at cork-paraffin gap. There is no significant difference at same material gap in both experiments. Conclusion: Radiation dose at the gap between two organs with different electron density is significantly lower than calculated dose with TPS. Therefore, we must be aware of dose calculation error in TPS and great care is suggested in case of radiation treatment planning on inhomogeneous organ structure.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2001

Background: Cytokine-mediated ex vivo expansion has been proposed as a means of increasing the number of cord blood (CB) hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. As well as stem cell number, stromal cells are necessary for functional maturation of hematopoiesis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of stromal cells during ex vivo expansion of CB $CD34^+$ cells. Methods : $CD34^+$ cells were purified from CB by magnetic bead selection. The levels of of interleukin-3, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, interleukin-6, granulocyte macrophagecolony stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ were measured in culture supernatants on 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks, using ELISA techniques. CB $CD34^+$ cells were expanded in Iscoves modified Dulbeccos medium in the presence of several cytokines. The expression of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, von Willebrand factor, vimentin, and CD14 in newly developed stromal cells was examined by immunocytochemical method. Relevant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proper cytokines were also assayed for the most suitable condition for expansion of stromal cells. Results: Several cytokines were found to have been produced by CB $CD34^+$ cells as well as bone marrow-derived $CD34^+$ cells. During ex vivo expansion of CB $CD34^+$ cells, stromal cells appeared in the culture by day 4 and expanded over the following 7-10 days before being confluent by day 2 1. These cells expressed surface markers characteristic of cells of endothelial lineage. Furthermore, these stroaml cells also expanded effectively when treated with thrombopoietin+flt-3 ligand+stem cell factor+leukemia inhibitory factor or 0.1% poly-L-lysine-coated wells. Conclusion: Stromal cells were developed during ex vivo expansion of CB $CD34^+$ cells and that this development could be enhanced further by treating the stromal cells with cytokines or ECM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.565-575
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• 2019

The ethanolic seed extracts of the common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) were examined for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In this study, it was observed that the rutin content of TB extracts was 65-78 times higher than the CB extracts, while quercetin was only detected in the TB extracts. In addition, TB extracts were observed to have 1.8-2.0 times higher flavonoid and polyphenolic content than the CB extracts. Cytotoxicity was not observed when both the buckwheat extracts were evaluated at concentrations in the range of 6.25-400 ㎍/mL. The treatment with TB extracts significantly suppressed the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression at the protein and mRNA levels. The TB extracts more potently inhibited the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 than the CB extracts. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were also significantly inhibited both by the TB and CB extracts in a pattern similar to their production.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1995

Seventy four patients with soft tissue sarcomas treated by postoperative radiotherapy in the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital between August 1979 and September 1990 were analyzed. The follow-up Period ranged from 3 to 145 months with a median of 51 months. Liposarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH) constituted $54\%$ of the cases and the histologic grades of tumors are as follows: grade I, 23 cases; grade II, 17 cases; grade III, 24 cases: unknown grade, 10 cases. The patients were treated by marginal(17 cases), wide(55 cases) or compartmental(2 cases) excision followed by Postoperative radiotherapy. The total radiation doses were 4200-8820 cGy (median 6000 cGy), 180-200 cGy daily. 5 times per week. Of 74 Patients, 35 ultimately failed. The local control was $62.2\%$ at 5 years and cumulative risk of distant metastasis was $22,3\%$ at 5 years. The overall survival and disease free survival were $72.3\%$, and $53.3\%$ at 5 years, respectively. Survival after appearance of metastasis was $15.1\%$ at 3 years. Patients with liposarcoma experienced better local control than those with other histologic type and tumor grade and surgical resection margin significantly correlated with local recurrence, distant metastasis and overall survival on univariate analysis. In conclusion, re-excision is needed for patients with positive surgical resection margin to improve local control and further therapeutic measures using effective chemotherapy should be explored in the hope of improving overall survival.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1295-1301
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the mutagenic, antimutagenic, cytotoxicity and antitumor effect of Codonopsis lanceolata (CL). CL was extracted with 70% ethanol and then further fractionated to hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Antimutagenic, cytotoxicity and antitumor effects of CL extracts were measured by using Ames test, SRB method, and the tumor growth inhibition test. CL extracts did not show any mutagenicity in the Ames test; however, 70% ethanol extracts and its fractions had strong antimutagenic effects against mutation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). The ethyl acetate fraction of CL (200 ${\mu}g$/plate) showed approximately 72.1% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO against TA98 strain, whereas 69.6% and 67.0% inhibitions were observed on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG and 4NQO against TA100 strain. In anticancer effects, the cytotoxicity of CL extract and its fractions against cancer cell lines including human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human lung carcinoma (A549) and transformed primary human embryo kidney (293) were investigated. The treatment of 1 mg/mL CL ethyl acetate fraction had the highest cytotoxicity of 74.5%, 70.7% and 80.3% against HeLa, MCF-7 and A549 cells, respectively. In contrast, the extract and its fractions showed only 2$\sim$31% cytotoxicity for a normal human kidney cell line (293). In vivo anticancer effect of CL extract was tested using Balb/c mice transplanted sarcoma-180 cells. CL ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibition rate of 56.4% at the 50 mg/kg concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.335-341
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• 2013

Kyungokgos purchased in local markets in Korea vary in their combination and mixing ratios during processing. This study was investigated qualities of Kyungokgos manufactured traditionally to evaluating its qualities. The general components of Kyungokgos were moisture (18.62~49.78%), ash (0.198~1.211%), protein (0.89~3.58%), lipid (0.16~1.14%) and carbohydrates (47.95~77.08%). The color values of L, a, and b were 26.49~73.87, 16.51~38.64, and 45.41~88.94, respectively. The viscosity was classified into three non-Newtonian type groups: high, medium, and non-dilatant, according to the increase of loop execution times. Three extracts (KOG-1, -7, and -8, in a 30-fold dilution) showed no cytotoxicity toward RAW 264.7 cells, while the extracts of KOG-2, -4, and -5 showed a low cytotoxic effect. KOG-1 and -2 extracts with low cytotoxicity markedly inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediators-nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that KOG-1 and -2 extracts have anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.659-670
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• 2017

Oxidative stress and inflammation are key factors responsible for progression of liver injury. A variety of functions of oyster hydrolysate (OH) are affected by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, little is known regarding the effects of OH on a liver injury model. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of OH on acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) in mice. Experimental groups were divided into six groups as follows (each group, n=10): control (saline), LPS/D-GalN, LPS/D-GalN+OH (100 mg/kg), LPS/D-GalN+OH (200 mg/kg), LPS/D-GalN+OH (400 mg/kg), and LPS/D-GalN+silymarin (25 mg/kg, positive control). The experimental acute liver injury model was induced with LPS ($1{\mu}g/kg$) and D-GalN (400 mg/kg). We first analyzed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in OH. OH showed high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reduced ROS generation in Chang cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, OH showed anti-inflammatory activities, such as inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipooxygenase. Treatment with OH down-regulated tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and $IL-1{\alpha}$ expression levels in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. OH significantly reduced LPS/D-GalN-induced increases in the concentrations of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum. In the LPS/D-GalN group, liver tissues exhibited apoptosis of hepatocytes with hemorrhages. These pathological alterations were ameliorated by OH treatment. Consistently, hepatic catalase activity was low in the LPS/D-GalN group compared to the control group, and catalase activity was significantly restored by OH treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore, OH markedly reduced the LPS/D-GalN-induced increase in $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 levels in liver tissue. Taken together, these results show that OH has hepatoprotective effects on LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that OH could be used as a health functional food and potential therapeutic agent for acute liver injury.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2009

Purpose: The effect of concurrent chemoradiotherapy was analyzed in elderly patients when used in the treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Materials and Methods: The retrospective analysis included 28 elderly patients aged 65 or older, with histopathologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy from January 2001 to July 2007. The squamous cell carcinoma disease stages included 8 patients (28.8%) in stage IIa, 10 patients (35.7%) in stage IIb, and 10 patients (35.7%) in stage III. Fractionated radiotherapy was performed with a 6 MV or 10 MV X-ray for 45~63 Gy (median: 59.4 Gy). Chemotherapy was applied concurrently with the initiation of radiotherapy. A 75 mg/$m^2$ dose of Cisplatin was intravenously administered on day 1. Further, 5-FU 1,000 mg/$m^2$ was continuously administered intravenously from days 1 to 4. This regimen was performed twice at 3-week intervals during radiotherapy. Two cycles of consolidation chemotherapy was performed after radiotherapy. Results: The follow-up period was 3~72 months (median: 19 months). The treatment responses after concurrent chemoradiotherapy included a complete response in 11 patients (39.3%), a partial response in 14 patients (50.0%), and no response in 3 patients (10.7%). The overall response rate was 89.3% (25 patients). The overall 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 55.9%, 34.6% and 24.2%, respectively. The median survival time was 15 months. Two-year survival rates of patients with a complete response, partial response, and no response were 46.2%, 33.0%, and 0%, respectively. The stage and tumor response after concurrent chemoradiotherapy were statistically significant prognostic factors related with survival. No treatment-related deaths occurred in this study. Conclusion: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is a relatively effective treatment without serious complications in elderly patients with locally-advanced esophageal cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.442-447
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• 1999

Introduction: Understanding the normal distribution of the tracheal diameter and crross- sectional area is one of the key elements in the management of various tracheal pathologies or tracheal reconstruction for the patients in growing age. However, data for Korean standard has been lacking. This study was designed to analyze retrospectively the distribution of tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area in young Koreans, which can afford fundamental data for the management of tracheal diseases. Material and Method: Of the patients who underwent computerized tomogram of the chest between May 1996 and August 1998, one hundred six young patients(age range: 0-20 years) were included. Patients with any conditions which might affect the tracheal cross-sectional area or diameter, such as tracheal disease, previous operation, mediastinal tumor, or obstructive lung disease were excluded from the study. Gender distribution was 69 males and 37 females. Tracheal diameters, anterior-posterior and transverse, were measured at the level of the thoracic inlet(level I) and the aortic arch(level II). Types of the trachea were divided into round, oval, or horseshoe shaped on cross-sectional view, and the dimension was calculated by using the equation of A=1/4$\pi$ab(A; area, $\pi$; 3.14, a; anterior-posterior diameter, b; transverse diameter). We analyzed the distribution of the diameter at each level and compared the cross-sectional area with respect to age and gender. A p-value lower than 0.05 wa considered significant. Result: The trachea of patients less than 5 years old were round in shape at both of level I and II, and no differences in cross-sectional area was observed between the levels(p=NS). As the age increased, the trachea become oval in shape at level I while it remained round in shape at level II(p=0.020). The tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area increased as the age increased with a linear correlation(r>0.9). In patients less than 5 years of age, female patients showed larger cross-sectional area than male patients (p=0.020), and it was reversed in patients older than 15 years of age(p=0.002). Conclusion: From the above results, we suggest chest computerized tomogram as a safe and reliable tool in measuring the tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area. We also provide the data as a standard for distribution of the tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area in young Korean population.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of proteoglycan extracted from cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. The proteoglycan contained two polymer peaks, one was the higher MW peak of 2,000 kD and the other was low peaks of 12kD. To understand the part of strong pharmaceutical activity between two peak, the proteoglycan was separated by ultrafiltration and column chromatography and then examined the various pharmaceutical effects. High molecular weight fraction possesing high content of ${\beta}-linked$ glucan was exhibited high antitumor activity, against sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse. And also, anticomplementary activity was highly observed in high molecule fraction than low it fraction. When the raw 264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophage treated with low fraction, high fraction and other stimuli. The activities inducing tumor necrosis factor of the high factions were $2.2{\sim}2.5$ times stronger than that of low fraction.