• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7141-7148
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• 2014

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an important malignancy throughout the world; early detection is an important criterion for achieving high cure rate. Out of the many reported markers for OSCC, this study validated the efficacy of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in differentially diagnosing premalignant oral lesions and OSCC. Also, the study aimed to correlate the levels of salivary and serum TNF-${\alpha}$ with clinicopathologic factors. Materials and Methods: A prospective experimental laboratory study was designed. Serum and salivary samples from 100 subjects in each group of healthy control, premalignant disease (PMD) and OSCC were collected for the study following appropriate exclusion and inclusion criteria. Serum and salivary level of TNF-${\alpha}$ was analysed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The data obtained were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results: Increased level of both serum and salivary TNF-${\alpha}$ was observed in OSCC subjects compared to healthy control and PMD group. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis and area under curve values showed high specificity and sensitivity for salivary TNF-${\alpha}$ in differentiating OSCC from PMD and healthy controls. There was significant increase in TNF-${\alpha}$ level in moderately and poorly differentiated lesion compared to well differentiated lesion and in stage IV of clinical stage. A positive correlation was observed only with histological grading of OSCC and TNF-${\alpha}$. Conclusions: Salivary TNF-${\alpha}$ is proved to be superior for detecting OSCC. Increase in TNF-${\alpha}$ with histological grading and clinical staging suggests a role in prognosis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.283-287
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• 2003

While nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is beneficial for host survival, it is also detrimental to the host. Thus, regulation of iNOS gene expression may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention of unwanted reactions at various pathologic conditions. During the screening process for the possible iNOS regulators, we observed that esculetin is a potent inhibitor of cytokine-induced iNOS expression. The treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF) induced iNOS expression, leading to enhanced NO production. TNF-induced NO production was inhibited by esculetin in a dose-dependent manner. Esculetin inhibited the TNF-induced NO production at the transcriptional level through suppression of iNOS mRNA and subsequent iNOS protein expression. These results suggest esculetin, a component of natural products, as a naturally occurring, nontoxic means to attenuate iNOS expression and NO-mediated cytotoxicity.

• BMB Reports
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.140-146
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• 1999

When murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells, a TNF-sensitive cell line, were treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (rhTNF-$\alpha$), the activities of glycolytic regulatory enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase increased up to 100-150% compared to the control L929 cells after TNF treatment. By using various metabolic inhibitors and activators, it was found that cAMP-dependent protein kinase is responsible for the increase of activities of the glycolytic enzymes. The activities of glycolytic regulatory enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase of TNF-resistant A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line, did not increase significantly compared to TNF-sensitive L929 cells upon TNF treatment. In contrast, the pyruvate carboxylase activities of A549 cells, but not L929 cells, increased up to 30~40% after TNF treatment. The data suggest that pyruvate carboxylase activity may contribute to the compensation of energy loss mediated by TNF treatment in TNF-resistant A549 cells.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2018

Objective: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors are used as a treatment in various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Tuberculosis (TB) risk is reported in several meta-analyses in patients treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors. The purpose of this study is to collect, review, and evaluate the TB risk in TNF-alpha inhibitors according to IMIDs indications and between soluble-receptor TNF-alpha inhibitor and monoclonal-antibody TNF-alpha inhibitors. Methods: A systematic literature search on systematic reviews and meta-analyses was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane library, and EMBASE. We identified meta-analyses that evaluated TB infection risk of TNF-alpha inhibitors in IMIDs patients. Results: Thirteen meta-analyses including 41 study results were included in this umbrella review. IMIDs patients treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors had an increased risk of TB than control group (placebo with or without standard therapy patients) (relative risk ratio (RR) 2.057, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.697 to 2.495). Among them, RA patients with TNF-alpha inhibitors had a higher risk of TB than control group (RR 1.847, 95% CI 1.385 to 2.464), and non-RA patients with TNF-alpha inhibitors had an increased risk of TB (RR 2.236, 95% CI 1.284 to 3.894). In subgroup analysis on TB risk between soluble-receptor TNF-alpha inhibitor and monoclonal-antibody TNF-alpha inhibitors in RA patients, the analysis indicated that monoclonal-antibody TNF-alpha inhibitors had higher risk of TB than soluble-receptor TNF-alpha inhibitor (RR 2.880, 95% CI 1.730 to 4.792). Conclusion: This umbrella review confirms that the risk of TB is significantly increased in TNF-alpha inhibitor treated patients compared to control group.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1271-1284
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• 1997

연구배경 : 종양괴사인자(tumor necrosis factor ; TNF)는 다양한 생물학적 기능을 가지고 있는 바, 그 중 생체 외에서 증명된 뚜렷한 항암 효과로 말미암아 최근 항암 유전자요법의 중요한 대상으로 관심을 모으고 있다. 현재 유전자 이입의 기술적 문제로 생체 외에서 암세포에 유전자 이입을 시행한 후 이를 다시 환자의 생체내로 이식하는 방법이 연구의 주종을 이루고 있다. 그러나 저자들의 과거의 연구를 포함한 여러 연구에서 TNF가 이입된 암세포는 TNF에 대해 내성을 보이는 것으로 증명되었고 이에는 새로이 방어 단백질을 합성하는 것이 관여할 것이라는 시사가 있었다. 이 획득내성의 기전을 밝히는 것이 종양생물학의 이해를 넓히고 보다 효과적인 항암 유전자요법을 개발하기위한 매우 중요한 과제로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.971-977
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• 1999

Background: Immunologic and inflammatory responses of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) influence postoperative mortality and morbidity with multiple organ injury. It has been reported that ischemia/reperfusion induced-myocardial injury during CPB is causative of release of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$). The purpose of this study was to detect the time course of the activated cytokine and troponin-T(TnT), and to examine the correlation between such parameters during CPB. Material and Method: The serial samples were collected from arterial blood via radial arterial catheter in 23 patients who are underwent open heart surgery (OHS) with CPB, the IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ and TnT were checked. Result: \circled1 IL-6, TNF$\alpha$- and TnT concentration increased significantly during CPB with a peaking level of CPB-off (p 0.05). \circled2 IL-6 had highly positive correlation with aortic cross clamping time and total bypass time(r=0.80, 0.78; p 0.05, respectively). \circled3 There was no correlation among IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ and TnT. Conclusion: In conclusion, these data showed that elevated production of serum IL-6 during CPB was attributable to ischemia/reperfusion induced-myocardial damage. IL-6 will become a new and sensitive biological marker in assessment of myocardial damage during OHS with CPB. However, further studies will be needed to apply IL-6 in more patient population.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2010

Enterococcus faecalis, a gram-positive bacterium, has been implicated in endodontic infections, particularly in chronic apical periodontitis. Proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), are involved in the pathogenesis of these apical lesions. E. faecalis has been reported to stimulate macrophages to produce TNF-$\alpha$. The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in TNF-$\alpha$ production by a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 in response to exposure to E. faecalis. Both live and heat-killed E. faecalis induced high levels of gene expression and protein release of TNF-$\alpha$. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of endocytosis, prevented the mRNA up-regulation of TNF-$\alpha$ by E. faecalis. In addition, antioxidant treatment reduced TNF-$\alpha$ production to baseline levels. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase also significantly attenuated E. faecalis-induced TNF-$\alpha$ expression by RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 in RAW 264.7 cells was also stimulated by E. faecalis. These results suggest that the phagocytic uptake of bacteria is necessary for the induction of TNF-$\alpha$ in E. faecalis-stimulated macrophages, and that the underlying intracellular signaling pathways involve reactive oxygen species, ERK, p38 MAP kinase, NF-${\kappa}B$, and AP-1.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.256-261
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• 2014

Bee venom (BV) therapy has been used as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions, such as arthritis, back pain, cancerous tumors, and skin diseases. However, regulatory effects of BV on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$-induced HaCaT cell migration or anti-inflammatory have not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BV on HaCaT cell migration and anti-inflammation. HaCaT cell migration was evaluated by wound-healing assay. The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-8 were examined by ELISA or Western blotting. BV treatment led to an increase in migration of HaCaT cells for 24 and 48 h. Especially, 10 ng/ml of BV were significantly increased HaCaT cell migration. Also, BV suppressed the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-8 in culture medium with HaCaT cells. In addition, Western blot results demonstrate that BV suppressed the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, in HaCaT cells. Especially, 1 or 10 ng/ml of BV markedly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrate the potential of BV for the prevention of skin inflammation induced by TNF-${\alpha}$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2000

Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ plays important roles in inflammatory responses. Some of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THI) compounds exhibited to inhibit iNOS expression in animal studies and RAW 264.7 cells, but the action of THI on inflammatory reaction was not fully investigated. In the present study, we examined a limited series of THIs (higenamine, YS-51 and THI-52) on the $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages by Northern analysis. When thioglycollate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages were incubated with LPS (100 ng/ml), expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA was evident and reached its maximum at 2.5 h, which was reduced concentration-dependently by treatment with THIs. When the $TNF-{\alpha}$ activity of macrophage-conditioned media was measured using a TNF-sensitive L929 fibroblast cell line, CCL 1, all THIs increased the cell viability in a concentration dependent manner. The concentrations of THIs used are not cytotoxic by itself when analysed by MTT. Furthermore, nitrite/nitrate level was significantly reduced by the presence of THIs in cells treated with $LPS+interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma}).$ It is concluded, thus, that these results strongly indicated that THIs can suppress the $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression and reduce NO, which may be useful for the inflammatory disorders.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 1994

연구배경 : 종양괴사인자(tumor necrosis factor ; TNF)는 여러 암세포에 대해서 세포독성을 보임이 알려져 있다. 그리고, 최근 분자생물학적 발전에 힘입어 TNF 유전자를 암세포에 이입하고 발현시키는 연구가 그 동안 진행되었다. 이들 연구의 목적은, TNF를 전신적으로 쓸 경우 전신 부작용이 심하여 인체에 쓸 수 없는 현 단계에서 암세포 자체에서 TNF를 만들어 내어서 암세포 주위에서만 작용하게 함으로써 연체에 미치는 전신독성을 최소한으로 줄이고 암세포를 사멸시키는 것이었다. 암세포에 TNF 유전자를 이입함으로써 예상되는 항암효과가 성공을 거두기 위해서는 첫째, TNF 유전자가 이입된 암세포에서 분비된 TNF가 주위 암세포를 성공적으로 사멸시켜야 하고 둘째는 분비된 TNF가, TNF 유전자가 이입된 암세포 자신을 사멸시켜야 한다. 본 연구는 이 중 두번째 기전, 즉 TNF 유전자가 이입된 암세포가 자신이 분비한 TNF에 의해서 사멸되거나 또는 세포 독성이 나타날 수 있는가를 검증하는데 목적을 두었다. 방법 : TNF에 감수성을 보이는 인체의 중피종 세포주인 NCI-H2058과 생쥐 섬유육종 세포주인 WEHI164에 TNF-$\alpha$ 유전자를 retroviral vector를 이용하여 이입하고 TNF를 발현을 시도하였다. DNA 수준과 단백질 수준에서 TNF-$\alpha$ 유전자가 제대로 이입되어 발현되는지 PCR과 ELISA 및 bioassay(MTT assay)로 확인하였다. 그리고, TNF 유전자가 이입된 세포주가 자신이 분비하는 TNF에 사멸되는지 아니면 생존하는지 MTT(dimethylthiazolyl diphenyltetrazolium) assay로 알아보았다. 그리고, 만일 TNF 유전자가 이입된 암세포가 자신이 분비한 TNF에 사멸되지 않고 생존할 경우, TNF 유전자가 이입된 NCI-H2058-TNF와 WEHI164-TNF 암세포주가 외부에서 준 TNF에도 내성을 보이는지도 추가로 MTT assay 방법으로 확인해 보았다. 결과 : 1) TNF-$\alpha$ 유전자 이입 및 발현 확인 PCR을 시행한 결과, TNF 유전자가 이입된 NCI-H2058-TNF와 WEHI164-TNF 세포주는 790 base pair 크기의 진한 DNA band를 보인 반면 각각의 모세포주에서는 보이지 않아서 retroviral vector를 이용한 유전자 이입이 DNA 수준에서 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고, NCI-H2058-TNF와 WEHI164-TNF의 상층 배양액의 TNF양을 ELISA와 bioassay(MTT assay)로 측정한 결과, 생물학적 활성을 지닌 TNF를 각각 $23.6{\pm}0.84ng$/24h/$10^6cells$, $12.2{\pm}0.36ng$/24h/$10^6cells$ 생산함을 알 수 있었다. 2) TNF 유전자 이입 전후, 암세포의 TNF에 대한 감수성 비교 TNF 유전자 이입 전후의 TNF에 대한 세포주의 감수성(세포사망율)을 TNF의 농도 변화에 따라 비교한 결과, NCI-H2058의 경우 TNF 농도 100ng/ml에서 모세포는 $25{\pm}3%$의 세포독성을 보인 반면 TNF 유전자 이입 후에는 $3{\pm}2%$의 세포독성을 보여 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 그리고, WEHI-164의 경우도 TNF 농도 100ng/ml에서 모세포는 $73{\pm}5%$의 세포독성을 보인 반면 TNF 유전자 이입 후에는 $3{\pm}2%$의 세포독성을 보여 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 결론 : TNF에 감수성을 보이는 암세포주인 NCI-H2058과 WEHI164에 TNF 유전자 이입을 시행하고 TNF가 발현되게 하였을 때, TNF 유전자를 이입받은 두 암세포주 모두에서 자신이 생산해 내는 TNF에 내성을 보여 생존하였다. 뿐만 아니라 생존한 이들 세포는 외부에서 준 TNF에 대해서도 내성을 보였다. 따라서, 암세포에 대한 TNF 유전자 이입을 통한 유전자 요법이 성공을 거두려면 유전자 이입된 세포에서 분비하는 TNF의 면역 세포 동원 방법 등의 간접적인 항암기전이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.