• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2006

Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma is a rare tumor that is hard to distinguish from giant cell tumors of bone. The location and radiographic aspect of these tumors can be identical. The histologic differentiation between a giant cell-rich osteosarcoma and a giant cell tumor can be difficult. Due to the different prognosis and treatment strategies of these tumors it is essential to make the right diagnosis at presentation. This article reports a case of a giant cell-rich osteosarcoma of the proximal tibia that initially was diagnosed histologically as a giant cell tumor by needle biopsy.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.153-164
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• 2023

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of tumor cells characterized by self-renewal and differentiation capacity. CSCs are currently postulated as the driving force that induces intra-tumor heterogeneity leading to tumor initiation, metastasis, and eventually tumor relapse. Notably, CSCs are inherently resistant to environmental stress, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy due to high levels of antioxidant systems and drug efflux transporters. In this context, a therapeutic strategy targeting the CSC-specific pathway holds a promising cure for cancer. NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2; NFE2L2) is a master transcription factor that regulates an array of genes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species/electrophiles. Accumulating evidence suggests that persistent NRF2 activation, observed in multiple types of cancer, supports tumor growth, aggressive malignancy, and therapy resistance. Herein, we describe the core properties of CSCs, focusing on treatment resistance, and review the evidence that demonstrates the roles of NRF2 signaling in conferring unique properties of CSCs and the associated signaling pathways.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1996

Malignant rhabdold tumor is a distinct renal tumor in the pediatric age group. It was originally described as a rhabdomyosarcomatold variant of Wilms' tumor. However, subsequent studies fatted to confirm myogenous differentiation, so it is now considered to be a distinct and unique type of highly malignant tumor, histogenetically unrelated. Although extrarenal forms of this tumor are rare, several examples have been described in other sites, especially the liver, prostate, paravertebral area, urinary bladder and soft tissue. We experienced a case of malignant rhabdiod tumor located in the intraabdominal cavity in a 10 month-old boy. Smear of peritoneal fluid showed round, polygonal and irregular shaped cells with large nuclei, ample cytoplasm containing light pink to purple cytoplasmic inclusions, and one or a few prominent nucleoli. Immunocytochemistry revealed positivity to cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin, and negativity to desmin and neuron-specific enolase. These distinct cytologic appearance and immunophenotypes were most consistent with a diagnosis of extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor. The cytoplasmic inclusions were correlated with eosinophilic inclusions seen in histologic section and electron microscopy confirmed this interpretation, showing filamentous aggregations in the cytoplasms of the tumor cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8823-8828
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• 2014

Objective: To explore the most appropriate treatment for patients with hepatocellular cancer (HCC) >10 cm by using the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) classification. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 HCC patients undergoing surgery were selected. Disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and prognostic factors were respectively assessed. Results: This study showed that the cumulative 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates were 79.7%, 59.8% and 41.6% in BCLC-A patients, 76.2%, 9.5% and 0% in BCLC-B patients and 44.9%, 0% and 0% in BCLC-C patients, respectively. The 1-, 3-, 5-year DFS rates were 49%, 24.5% and 9.1% in BCLC-A patients, 7.5%, 0% and 0% in BCLC-B patients, respectively. No BCLC-C patients survived 1 year after surgery. Multivariate analysis indicated that hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), vascular invasion, intra-hepatic metastasis, curative resection, tumor rupture and pathologic differentiation were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Surgery is effective and safe for patients with HCC >10 cm with sufficient hepatic reserve.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.553-560
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• 2007

Purpose: We evaluated the standard uptake value (SUV) of F-18 FDG at PET/CT for differentiation of benign from malignant tumor in primary musculoskeletal tumors. Materials and Methods: Forty-six tumors (11 benign and 12 malignant soft tissue tumors, 9 benign and 14 malignant bone tumors) were examined with F-18 FDG PET/CT (Discovery ST, GE) prior to tissue diagnosis. The maxSUV(maximum value of SUV) were calculated and compared between benign and malignant lesions. The lesion analysis was based on the transverse whole body image. The maxSUV with cutoff of 4.1 was used in distinguishing benign from malignant soft tissue tumor and 3.05 was used in bone tumor by ROC curve. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in maxSUV between benign (n=11; maxSUV $3.4{\pm}3.2$) and malignant (n=12; maxSUV $14.8{\pm}12.2$) lesions in soft tissue tumor (p=0.001). Between benign bone tumor (n=9; maxSUV $5.4{\pm}4.0$) and malignant bone tumor (n=14; maxSUV $7.3{\pm}3.2$), there was not a significant difference in maxSUV. The sensitivity and specificity for differentiating malignant from benign soft tissue tumor was 83% and 91%, respectively. There were four false positive malignant bone tumor cases to include fibrous dysplasia, Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (n=2) and osteoid osteoma. Also, one false positive case of malignant soft tissue tumor was nodular fasciitis. Conclusion: The maxSUV was useful for differentiation of benign from malignant lesion in primary soft tissue tumors. In bone tumor, the low maxSUV correlated well with benign lesions but high maxSUV did not always mean malignancy.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2010

Clenbuterol, a $\beta_2$-adrenoceptor agonist, has been proven to be a powerful repartition agent that can decrease fat deposition. Based on results from our previous cDNA microarray experiment of pig clenbuterol administration, a novel up-regulated EST was full-length cloned (4859 bp encoding 1041 amino acids) and found to be the pig homolog of large tumor suppressor 2 (Lats2). We mapped pig Lats2 to chromosome 11p13-14 by using FISH, and western blotting demonstrated that pig Lats2 protein was most abundant in adipose. In Drosophila, Lats2 ortholog was reported as a key component of the Hippo pathway which regulates cell differentiation and growth. Here, we show that pig Lats2 exhibit inverted expression to YAP1, another member of the Hippo pathway which positively regulates cell growth and proliferation, during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our results suggested that Lats2 may involve in Hippo pathway regulating the fat reduction by inhibiting adipocyte differentiation and growth.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.200-212
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• 1996

The clinical staging systems for oral squamous cell carcinoma is limited as a prognostic indicatior because of different biological characteristics of cancer in this region and variable microenvironment depending on subsites, there have been study to determine prognosis by evaluating malignancy, that is the nature of tumor cells. Many studies have been tried to determine prognostic indicator in various malignancies for the evaluation of differentiation capacity and the expression of oncogene product. EGF make a role in cellular growth and differentiation and to be essential in cellular survival. EGFR is an intergral membrane protein, stimulate cellular differentiation and hormonal secretion, and has structural homology with V-erb-B transforming protein. Recent reports have demonstrated that EGFR is overexpressed in stomach, breast, vagina, dermis, head and neck, genitourinary and lung tumors, and possibly used as a tumor marker. In head and neck region, most of studies were mainly carried out on laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In the present study, immunohistochemical study for EGFR and C-erb-B2 gene in paraffin sections of 45 squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity was performed to evaluate the presense of EGFR and C- erb-B2 gene in this lesion, to evaluate them as a prognostic indicator by analysing the correlation between these expression and subsites, primary stages, clinical stages, pathologic grades, neck node metastasis, recurrences and treatment results, and to determine relation between EGFR and C-erb-B2 gene.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.334-340
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• 2015

Objective : Pineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs) in adults are rare, and knowledge regarding their optimal management and treatment outcome is limited. Herein, we present the clinical results of our series of PPTs other than pineoblastomas managed by stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) at upfront setting. Methods : Between 1997 and 2014, nine consecutive adult patients with the diagnosis of PPTs, either pineocytoma or pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation, were treated with SRS. There were 6 men and 3 women. The median age was 39 years (range, 31-53 years). All of the patients presented with symptoms of hydrocephalus. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and biopsy was done for initial management. After histologic diagnosis, patients were treated with Gamma Knife with the mean dose of 13.3 Gy (n=3) or fractionated Cyberknife with 32 Gy (n=6). Results : After a mean follow-up of 78.6 months (range, 14-223 months), all patients were alive and all of their tumors were locally controlled except for one instance of cerebrospinal fluid seeding metastasis. On magnetic resonance images, tumor size decreased in all patients, resulting in complete response in 3 patients and partial response in 6. One patient had experienced temporary memory impairment after SRS, which improved spontaneously. Conclusion : SRS is effective and safe for PPTs in adults and can be considered as a useful alternative to surgical resection at upfront setting.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2003

This study was analyzed the effects of blood-activating and stasis-eliminating herbs on anti-tumor and hematogenic metastasis. The metastasis and recurrence of tumor was the basis of yudok(yudu) on remained tumor cell and stagnation of blood, thermotoxo, phlegm, asthenia of healthy enerngy, stagnation of vital energy. Malignant tumor is caused by carcinogen and go through the progress of initiation, promotion, progression, it is closely related with Eohyul$(y{\grave{u}}xi {\breve{e}})$. Symptoms of blood stasis disease are purplish tongue, mass, fixed stabbing pain, ecchymosis of nail, hypodermic petechia, dermal thesaurismosis, melena, ecchymoma, disturbance of circulation. Effects on the therapy of activating blood circulation and congestion are anti-tumor, anti-coagulation, anti-hemolysis, anti-solution, anti-inflammation, anti-infection, control of blood circulations, control of connective tissue metabolism and control of immunity. They can directly kill the cancer cells entering the blood circulation, inhibit the formation of tumor embody and reduce the blood hyperviscosity. It is suggested that these herbs can be used to prevent and treat blood metastasis of cancer under the guidance of syndrome differentiation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2009

Tumor angiogenesis is a process leading to formation of blood vessels within tumors and is crucial for maintaining a supply of oxygen and nutrients to support tumor growth and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis including induction of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival and capillary tube formation. VEGF binds to two distinct receptors on endothelial cells. VEGFR-2 is considered to be the dominant signaling receptor for endothelial cell permeability, proliferation, and differentiation. Bevacizumab(Avastin, Genetech, USA) is a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor. It is used in the treatment of cancer, where it inhibits tumor growth by blocking the formation of new blood vessels. The goal of this study is to identify the anti-tumor effect of Bevacizumab(Avastin) for oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Human squamous cell carcinoma cell line(HN4) was used in this study. We examined the sensitivity of HN4 cell line to Bevacizumab(Avastin) by using in vitro proliferation assays. The results were as follows. 1. In the result of MTT assay according to concentration of Bevacizumab(Avastin), antiproliferative effect for oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines was observed. 2. The growth curve of cell line showed the gradual growth inhibition of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines after exposure of Bevacizumab(Avastin). 3. In the apoptotic index, groups inoculated Bevacizumab(Avastin) were higher than control groups. 4. In condition of serum starvation, VEGFR-2 did not show any detectable autophosphorylation, whereas the addition of VEGF activated the receptor. Suppression of phosphorylated VEGFR-2 and phosphorylated MAPK was observed following treatment with Bevacizumab(Avastin) in a dose-dependent manner. 5. In TEM view, dispersed nuclear membrane, scattered many cytoplasmic vacuoles and localized chromosomal margination after Bevacizumab(Avastin) treatment were observed. These findings suggest that Bevacizumab(Avastin) has the potential to inhibit MAPK pathway in proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines via inhibition of VEGF-dependent tumor growth.