• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.347-364
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• 2006

This study is concerned with assessment of diethylnitrosamine (DEN 0.01 %) induced liver cell carcinogenesis by measurement of changes preceding the development of neoplasms. Therefore, it was undertaken to investigate changes of liver-specific enzyme activities in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by ad libitum feeding of DEN. And also. the changes of hepatic morphology in SD rats were detected by haematoxylineosin stain and immunohistochemistry (PCNA). 5- Fluorouracil (5- FU) is one of the most widely used anticancer agents for digestive cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, and is known to affect the cell cycle and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the present study, SD rats were given drinking water containing 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 8 weeks. Minor behavioral change, brittleness of hair and decreased amount of water and diet intake were observed in rats 4 weeks after DEN administration. The body and liver weights were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in rats 11 weeks after DEN administration. The liver weight ratio to body weight was rather stable and not significantly decreased in the all treatment groups. The liver specific enzyme activities (AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP) were significantly increased in all treatment groups compared to control group (p < 0.05). Variable size of liver tumor and hepatomegaly were observed in rats treated with DEN after 10 weeks. Numerous vacuoles were seen on the midzonal and or peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm or densely basophilic mitotic nucleoli were seen. Several proliferative small round cells were seen on vacuolated and necrotic areas in peripheral hepatic lobules or portal areas. PCNA-positive cells were seen on the vacuolated portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the areas of small round cells. We examined functional and morphological changes of livers by 5 - FU treatments on DEN -treated rat. The DEN -treated rats compared to 5 - FU -treated rats after DEN treatment for 8 weeks. The serum total protein and triglyceride were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, and the liver enzyme activities of AST and ALT were significantly(p < 0.05) increased. After 8 weeks, in the non-5-FU -treated group, the size of liver tumor were varied and hepatomegaly were observed, hepatocellular vacuolization, necrosis and steatosis were observed on the midzonal and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes were seen, the interlobular connective tissues were proliferated. PCNA positive cells were seen in the portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the non-5-FU-treated group. In hepatocytes, condensation of nuclear chromatin and vacuolization were observed, shape of the nuclei were irregular, the degraded nuclei and organelles were observed. The livers of rats in the 5 - FU treatment group were seen grossly brilliant, red-brown color, and the vacuolated and degenerated regions, hyperplastic nodules were not nearly observed. In the electron microscope, the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contained a large number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, developed organelles surrounding nuclei. The above findings suggest that 5 - FU will be effective as anti -liver tumor drug.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LR3 and SP6 acupuncture on liver damage of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Methods : Male ICR mice were divided into four groups, consisting of the normal mice group(N), acupuncture-free diabetic mice group(Con), LR3-acupuncture diabetic mice group(LR3) and SP6-acupuncture diabetic mice group(SP6). The following measurements were taken: Body weight, food intake and water intake for 2 weeks; liver weight, and glucose levels in the serum and liver; ALT and AST in the serum; reactive oxygen species(ROS), reduced glutathione(GSH) and oxidized glutathione(GSSG) in the liver; and lastly, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts( RAGE), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxymethyl$ lysine(CML), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxyethyl$ lysine(CEL), phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B alpha($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), nuclear factor-kappa B($NF-{\kappa}B$), activator protein-1(AP-1), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha($TNF-{\alpha}$), ${\beta}-actin$, cytochrome c and caspase in the liver. Results : The liver weight and GSH/GSSG ratio were significantly increased in SP6 compared to Con. The glucose levels in the liver were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The generation of ROS and GSSG were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. The expressions of RAGE, CML, AP-1, $TNF-{\alpha}$, cytochrome c and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The expressions of $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$, AP-1, COX-2, iNOS and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. Conclusion : It is predicted that LR3 acupuncture is related to reduced glucose levels in the liver and expressions of AGE, and that, SP6 acupuncture is related to reduced oxidative stress-related transcription factors and inflammation-related proteins. Therefore, we suggest that LR3 and SP6 acupuncture have protective effects on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by preventing apoptosis.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2021

본 연구는 육계 병아리 시기(0~7일령)에 조명의 조도 차이에 따른 생산성, 혈액 조성 및 스트레스 수준에 미치는 영향을 대하여 조사하였다. 육계(Ross 308) 초생추(48.0±0.2 g) 수컷 240수를 조도에 따라 3처리구(20, 30 및 50 lx)로 나누어, 처리구 당 4반복, 반복 당 20수를 완전임의 배치하였다. 7일령에 체중, 사료요구율, 가슴육과 간의 무게, 소장 길이를 측정하였으며, 혈액을 채취하여 혈구, 혈청 생화학 조성, corticosterone, IL-6 및 TNF-α을 분석하였다. 체중, 증체량, 가슴근육 및 간 무게는 20 lx 처리구보다 50 lx 처리구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났으나(P<0.05), 사료 섭취량, 사료 요구량, 소장 길이는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈구 분석 결과, 백혈구, 적혈구, 혈소판 조성, 혈청 생화학 성분(glucose 및 IP 제외)은 처리구 사이에서 유의적인 차이가 보이지 않았다. Corticosterone과 IL-6은 20 lx 처리구에서 높은 농도를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 육계 병아리 시기에 조도를 50 lx로 처리하였을 때 증체량 및 가슴근육 비율이 증가하였으며, corticosterone 및 IL-6는 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 따라서 병아리 시기의 높은 조도는 생산 능력, 스트레스 및 면역 상태를 개선하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1328-1336
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• 2003

본 연구는 우리나라에서 발병률이 높은 간암의 발생과정에서 정어리유와 d-limonene의 섭취가 미치는 영향을 세포막 지질조성 및 PKC활성도를 통해 조사하여 이들의 항암 작용관련 기전을 규명 하고자 하였다. 따라서 이유된 흰쥐를 지방산 조성이 아주 다른 옥수수유, 정어리유를 15% 수준으로 공급하고 d-limonene 섭취군은 5%수준으로 공급하여 실험군에서는 발암물질인 DEN을 2회 복강 주사하고 PB를 물에 섞어 주어 20주간 사육하여 membrane fraction의 지방산 조성 및 지질의 조성, glutathione-S-transferase, PKC 활성도를 조사하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 간 세포막의 콜레스테롤과 인지질 함량에 대한 C/PL ratio는 옥수수유군에서 발암물질 투여나 d-limonene의 섭취에 따른 효과가 없었으나 정어리 유군에서는 발암물질 투여시, d-limonene 섭취시 유의적인 감소를 나타내어 식이지방의 종류에 따라 발암물질과 d-limonene의 작용이 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. Membrane fraction의 인지질 조성은 CL을 제외한 PE, PI, PG, PC, PS와 PE/PC ratio등 모두에 있어서 식이지방의 종류, 발암물질의 투여, d-liomnene섭취에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 세포막의 지방산 조성을 나타내는 n-6/n-3 ratio가 정어리유군에서 옥수수유군보다 유의적으로 낮았고, 옥수수유군에서는 발암물질 투여나 d-limonene의 섭취에 따라 유의적으로 증가했으나 정어리유군에서는 발암물질과 d-limonene에 의한 차이가 없었다. Cytosolic PKC의 활성은 식이지방의 종류와 발암물질 투여에 따른 차이는 없었고, d-limonene의 섭 취에 따라 유의적 감소를 나타냈으며, 막부착 PKC의 활성은 옥수수유군에서 유의적으로 높았고, d-limonene 섭취에 따라 감소 경향을 발암물질 투여에 따라서는 증가 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. GST활성은 식이 지방의 종류에 따른 차이는 없었으나 발암물질 투여와 d-limonene 섭취에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 발암물질과 d-limonene을 같이 공급시에 더욱 더 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과를 종합에 보면 암화과정에 일어나는 지방의 대사가 식이지방의 종류에 따라 차이를 보이며, 특히 정어리유군에서 d-limonene에 의한 C/PL ratio가 감소하여 막 유동성에 변화를 초래하고, 이에 따라 membrane bound enzyme의 활성에 변화를 가져오는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 식이지방의 종류가 암의 발생에 미치는 영향이 다르고, 막부착 PKC 활성도를 감소시켜 발암을 억제하는 효과가 있으며, 이 효과는 지방의 종류에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 최근 n-3 지방산이나 d-limonene이 PKC expression을 감소시키고, apopotosis 촉진 단백질의 발현을 증가시켜 tumor cell의 apoptosis를 증가시킨다고 하여 n-3 지방산과 d-limonene의 또 다른 발암억제기전을 설명하고 있다. 그러나 n-3 지방산과 d-limonene의 상호효과에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이므로 d-limonene과 n-3 지방산의 교호작용에 의한 발암억제 기전에 대해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 하겠다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.605-614
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant capacity in broilers. Methods: A total of 800 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers (45.4±0.5 g) were blocked based on body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 cages per treatment and 20 broilers per cage in this 6-week experiment. Dietary treatments included a basal diet and diets with 100% of control maize replaced by stale maize. Results: The content of fat acidity value was higher (p<0.05) while the starch, activities of catalase and peroxidase were lower (p<0.05) than the control maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experiment, feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 0 to 21 and the whole experiment as well as relative weight of liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus (p<0.05) on d 21. Feeding stale maize diets decreased jejunum villus height (VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD) (p<0.05) on d 21 and 42 as well as ileum VH/CD on d 42. The levels of immunoglobulin G, acid α-naphthylacetate esterase positive ratios and lymphocyte proliferation on d 21 and 42 as well as lysozyme activity and avian influenza antibody H₅N₁ titer on d 21 decreased (p<0.05) by the stale maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) serum interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 on d 21 and interleukin-6 on d 21 and 42. Broilers fed stale maize diets had lower levels of (p<0.05) total antioxidative capacity on d 42, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase on d 21 and 42, but higher (p<0.05) levels of malondialdehyde on d 21 and 42. Conclusion: Feeding 100% stale maize decreased ADFI and FCR, caused adverse effects on immunity and antioxidant function and altered intestinal morphology in broilers.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2019

Objectives : Dictamni Radicis Cortex (DRC) has been used as an important traditional medicine for inflammation and fungal diseases. However, the protective effect of DRC water extract on acute pancreatitis (AP) has not been deeply reported. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of DRC water extract on cerulein-induced AP. Methods : AP was induced via intraperitoneal injection of supramaximal concentrations of stable cholecystokinin analogue cerulein ($50{\mu}g/kg$) every hour for 6 times. DRC water extract (0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 g/kg) or saline was administrated intraperitoneally 1 h before to the first injection of cerulein. The mice were sacrificed at 6 h after the final cerulein injection. Pancreas was rapidly removed for histochemical examination and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to examine mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. Results : Administration of DRC water extract significantly inhibited the pancreatic weight to body weight ratio, pancreas histological damages and increase of pancreatic MPO activity during cerulein-induced AP. In addition, increased pancreatic mRNA levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 but not $TNF-{\alpha}$ were significantly inhibited by treatment of DRC water extract against cerulein-induced AP. Conclusions : In conclusion, we have revealed that pre-treatment of DRC water extract reduces the severity of cerulein-induced AP. Accordingly, our results could give a clinical basis that DRC could be used as a drug or agent to prevent AP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2010

The effects of chromium (Cr), dietary crude protein (CP) level, and potential interactions of these two factors were investigated in term of energy metabolism in lambs. Forty-eight 9-week-old weaned lambs (Dorper${\times}$Small-tail Han sheep, male, mean initial body weight = 22.96 kg${\pm}$2.60 kg) were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 ${\mu}g$/kg, 400 $\mu{g}$/kg or 800 ${\mu}g$/kg from chromium yeast) and protein levels (low protein: 157 g/d to 171 g/d for each animal, or high protein: 189 g/d to 209 g/d for each animal). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the feeding trial. The lambs were then sacrificed and tissue samples were frozen for further analysis. Chromium at 400 ${\mu}g$/kg decreased fasting insulin level and the ratio of plasma insulin to glucagon, but these differences were not statistically significant; in contrast, chromium at 800 ${\mu}g$/kg increased the ratio significantly (p<0.05). Protein at the high level increased plasma tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) level (p = 0.060). Liver glycogen content was increased significantly by Cr (p<0.05), which also increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and adipose hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity. At 400 ${\mu}g$/kg, Cr increased muscle hexokinase (HK) activity. High protein significantly increased G-6-Pase activities in both the liver (p<0.05) and the kidney (p<0.05), but significantly decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.05). For HSL activity in adipose tissue, a Cr${\times}$CP interaction (p<0.05) was observed. Overall, Cr improved energy metabolism, primarily by promoting the glycolytic rate and lipolytic processes, and these regulations were implemented mainly through the modulation by Cr of the insulin signal transduction system. High protein improved gluconeogenesis in both liver and kidney. The interaction of Cr${\times}$CP indicated that 400 $\mu{g}$/kg Cr could reduce energy consumption in situations where energy was being conserved, but could improve energy utilization when metabolic rate was increased.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.916-926
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) with organic acids (OA) on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 120 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 8.00±0.87 kg were assigned in five treatments considering sex and initial BW in 3 replications with 8 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets included a corn-soybean meal based basal diet with or without 0.1% or 0.2% MCT and 0.1% OA. The pigs were fed the diets for 5 weeks (phase 1, 0 to 2 weeks; phase 2, 3 to 5 weeks). A total of 15 barrows with an average BW of 12.48±0.37 kg were used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility by total collection method. The BW and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase. Blood samples and small intestine samples were collected at the end of each phase, too. Results: Supplementing 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA showed greater BW for week 5 and average daily gain (ADG) for overall period than control diet. Supplementing 0.1% MCT increased (p<0.05) ADG and improved (p<0.05) gain:feed ratio for phase 1. Dietary MCT and OA did not affect the fecal score and blood concentration of cortisol, immunoglobulin G, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 in weaning pigs. Pigs fed the diets with 0.1% MCT had greater (p<0.05) villus height of duodenum and ileum for phase 1. Also, pigs fed the diet with 0.1% OA showed greater (p<0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum for phase 2. There was no significant difference in nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of pigs. Conclusion: Addition of 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA in weaning pig's diet improved growth performance partly by enhancing intestinal morphology in weaning pigs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2022

본 연구는 육계 병아리 시기에 세 가지의 점등시간이 성장 능력, 혈액 생화학 성상 및 스트레스 지표에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 공시동물은 1일령 Ross 308 육계(57.0±0.12 g) 수컷 252수를 7일 동안 사육하였으며, 처리구는 점등3처리구(24 L, 22 L/2D, 18 L/6D)로 나누고, 처리당 4반복, 반복당 22수를 완전임의 배치하였다. 광원은 LED 전구를 사용하였으며, 기본 조도는 30 lx를 제공하였다. 시험사료는 옥수수-대두박 위주의 시판 사료(ME 3,150 kcal/kg, CP 22.0%)를 이용하였으며, 사료와 물은 자유롭게 섭취하도록 하였다. 점등시간에 따른 체중, 증체량, 사료요구율 및 간 무게 비율은 18 L/6D과24 L 처리구에서 유의적인 차이를 보였으나(P<0.05), 22 L/2D 처리구는 24 L 처리구 및 18 L/6D 처리구간 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 가슴근육의 무게 비율은 18 L/6D 처리구에서 5.59%로 다른 처리구에 비해 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 혈청 생화학 성분 중 TG는 점등시간이 줄어들수록 유의적으로 증가하였으나(P<0.05), ALT는 24 L 처리구에 비해 22 L/2D 처리구에서 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 혈청 내 cytokine(IL-6, TNF-α) 함량은 처리구 사이에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, corticosterone 함량은 24 L 처리구가 18 L/6D 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 육계 병아리 시기에는 성장 능력과 동물복지를 모두 고려하였을 때 22시간 점등이 적당하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate Effects of Sujeom powder(SJP) pharmacopuncture Injected at Jung-wan($CV_{12}$) in rats with caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis(AP). Methods : We examined changes of organ weight, histology, immunohistochemistry and gene expression of cycolooxygenase 2(COX-2) in the pancreas. Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as follow: normal(Nor), caerulein-induced(Con), caerulein+SJP pharmacopuncture 0.2mL injected at Jung-wan($CV_{12}$)(SA), and caerulein+SJP pharmacopuncture 0.8 mL injected at Jung-wan($CV_{12}$)(SB) groups. Pancreatic tissues of rats from all groups were removed for histological observation and light microscopic examination. Interleukin-6(IL-6) levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Results : The ratio of pancreas/body weights was significantly(p<0.05) increased in the Con, the SA and the SB compared with the Nor, but was slightly decreased in the SA and in the SB groups compared with the Con. Caerulein administration has significantly(p<0.05) increased in the levels of amylase, but the SA, the SB significantly(p<0.05) decreased in the levels of these enzyme. The levels of amylase were increased significantly with caerulein administration, but were inhibited significantly in the SA and in the SB groups. Interleukin-6(IL-6) levels were significantly(p<005) increased in all groups compared with the Nor, especially in the SB. were significantly increased. The levels of Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ levels were significantly increased in all groups compared with the Nor. In the conclusion, the datum of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ are suggested that the inflamation was still existed actively at a point of measurement(24 hours later). The COX-2 positive materials are observed in the pancreas from the Con, but these positive materials are decreased in the SJP pharmacopuncture at Jung-wan($CV_{12}$) treatment group. Conclusion : SJP pharmacopuncture injected at Jung-wan($CV_{12}$) is potentially capable of limiting pancreatic damage during AP by restoring the fine structure of acinar cells and tissues. Therefore we can say that SJP pharmacopuncture Injected at Jung-wan($CV_{12}$) may have beneficial effects in the treatment of caerulein-induded AP. Further studies about the adequate amount of the SJP pharmacopuncture and about more effective route of administration is still required.