• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.257-277
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• 2007

We carried out a phytosociological study on pine forests in Korea with the method of Zurich-Montpellier School. We collected the data of 252 $relev{\acute{e}}s$ from 45 sites in the pine forests throughout the Korean Peninsula and its attached islands. The vegetation of the pine forests was classified into one association, three communities and seven subcommunities as follows: A: Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, A-1: Typical subcommunity, A-2: Vaccinium korean urn subcommunity, A-3 : Rhododendron micranthum subcommunity, B: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community, B-1: Typical subcommunity, B-2: Juniperus rigida subcommunity, B-3: Styrax japonica subcommunity, B-4: Eurya japonica subcommunity, C: Saso-Pinetum densiflorae Yim et al. 1990, and D: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community. The former three communities were integrated into the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 em. 1992. The Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community remained to be studied in future to determine the association. The communities of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community was distributed throughout the montane zone in central-northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community occupied widely in the sub-montane and hilly areas in central and Southern Korean Peninsula. The association of Saso-Pinetum densiflorae was found in Cheju Island. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community were distributed in the warm-temperate zone including islands off the south-west coast of the Peninsula.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2008

Male adults of bean bug, Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Heteroptera: Alydidae), release aggregation pheromone (AP) attracting both sexes of adult and nymphs, which its egg parasite, Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) exploits the pheromone to find host. The AP consists of three components; (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2HZ3H), (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate (E2HE2H), and tetradecyl isobutyrate (TI). We analyzed composition of the pheromone components of bean bugs from different geo graphical locations of Korea and Japan. The attractiveness of different blends of AP components to R. clavatus was also tested in the fields in Jinju, Korea and in Kumamoto, Japan. Composition ratios (E2HZ3H: E2HE2H:TI) of the AP of Jinju and Iksan populations were 1:1.4:0.2 and 1:0.8:0.2, and those of Tsukuba and Kumamoto populations were 1:2.8:0.2 and 1:1.5:0.1, respectively. In field tests, traps baited with ratio of 1:1:1 (E2HZ3H:E2HE2H:TI=16.7:16.7:16.7mg/rubber septum) and 1:1:0.5(E2HZ3H:E2HE2H:TI= 20:20:10mg/rubber septum) attracted significantly greater number of adult bugs than that of 1:5:1 (E2HZ3H:E2HE2H:TI=7.1:35.7:7.1mg/rubber septum).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2014

This study was investigated the changes in quality of peeled chestnut according to peeling method, including abrasion and knife, and 3 kinds of storage temperatures. The weight loss rate of peeled chestnut during storage period was observed in all treatment groups, peeling methods showed no difference of the loss. However, the moisture content of peeled chestnut during storage in all treatments showed a tendency to decrease. Moisture content of the abrasion peeled chestnut in all treatments was higher than that of the knife peeled chestnut. In the case of a, b, and ${\Delta}E$ value of peeled chestnut chromaticity increased during storage in all treatments, whereas, L values decreased during storage. But, browning of abrasion peeled chestnut was higher than that of the knife peeled chestnut. The hardness of the abrasion and knife peeled chestnuts were the highest in $-1^{\circ}C$ storage, soluble solid content was decreased with storage time in all treatments, but showed a tendency to increase within 24 days. Palatability and texture of peeled chestnuts decreased in all treatments during storage period, 15 days after storage decreased rapidly. Thus, results showed that peeled chestnuts stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and $2^{\circ}C$ were rapidly decreased in the quality after 15 days, whereas, peeled chestnuts stored at $-1^{\circ}C$ slowly decrease in the fruit quality. It can be recommended that chestnut in vacuum film is good to maintain at $-1^{\circ}C$ storage for 15 days. Also, if we can reduce the browning of abrasion peeled chestnut, we will produce peeled chestnut of high quality.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 1993

The problem of supply and transport of sediment from a mountainous catchment is very important in explaining dynamic geomorphology and the hydrological cycle. The discharge of suspended sediment is determined by a morphological system. Human interference to environment Is also an important, not negligible factor in sediment production. Moreover, growing concern in recent years for the problems of nonpoint pollution and for the transport of contaminants through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has highlighted the role of sediment-associated transport in fluvial systems. This study was conducted in forested and quarried catchments in order to clarify the different discharge process and the mechanism of suspended sediment dynamics for each catchment. As a forested catchment, the Yamaguchi River catchment which drains a $3.12km^2$ area was chosen. On the other hand, the Futagami River basin which is formed by three subbasins (1.07, 1.59 and $1.78km^2$), as a quarried catchment was selected. These catchments are situated to the north and east of Mt. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. The discharge pattern of suspended sediment from the Futagami River basin is more unstable and irregular than that from forested catchment, the Yamaguchi River catchment. Under the similar rainstorm conditions, suspended sediment concentration from quarried catchment during a rainstorm event increases from 43 to 27,340 mg/l. However, in the case of the forested catchment it changes only from nearly zero to 274 mg/l. Generally, the supply source of suspended sediment is classified into two areas, the in-channel and non-channel source areas. As a result of field measurements, in the case of the forested catchment the in-channel (channel bed, channel bank and channel margin) is the main source area of suspended sediment. On the other hand, remarkable sediment source area on the Quarried catchment is the non-channel that is unvegetated ground.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1988

A serial study on differential response in absorption and translocation of $^{14}C$-bensulfuron-methyl was conducted by use of a group of selected rice cultivars as the tolerant or the susceptible to bensulfuron-methly. Trial 1. Differential Response in Absorption and Translocation of Selected Cultivar Group. The susceptible cultivar group has reached as higher rate as 102%, 113%, 115%, 127% and 113% of the tolerant cultivar group in root absorption per seedling, per unit dry weight, and the rate of translocation from bottom to shoot, respectively. Trial 2. Differential Response in Absorption and Translocation of Selected Rice Cultivar as Affected by Exposed Time of Root Portion upto 48 hrs. ${\bullet}$ Regardless of leaf stage of experimented plants, the amount of absorption per seedling and per unit dry weight has reached rather higher in the susceptible(cv. IR 1846) than the tolerant (cv. Chinsurah Boro II). However, separating by portions, the tolerant was realized higher rate of aborption in root but the susceptible in shoot, respectively. ${\bullet}$ Translocation rate from root to shoot, namely the individual seedling based rate of radioactivity in shoot to total radioactivity, was significantly higher in the susceptile than the tolerant. ${\bullet}$ Depending on higher rate of seedling growth at the time of chemical treatment, the susceptible (cv. IR 1846) was seemed more sensitive even at equivalent rate of absorption and translocation.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1988

A serial study on differential response in absorption and translocation of $^{14}C$-oxyfluorfen was conducted by use of a group of selected rice cultivars as the tolerant or the susceptible to oxyfluorfen. Trial 1. Differential response in absorption and translocation of selected cultivar group. The susceptible cultivar group has reached as higher rate as 209%, 193%, 344%, 204% and 152% of the tolerant cultivar group in root absorption rate per unit dry weight, lower-shoot absorption rate, higher shoot absorption rate, whole amount of absorption, and the rate of translocation from bottom to shoot, respectively. Trial 2. Differential Response in Absorbtion and translocation of selected cultivar as affected by exposed portion and time. ${\bullet}$ Regardless of cultivar, the rate of root absorption has effectively realized but the translocation was significantly limited. ${\bullet}$ Lower portion of shoot has also achieved a higher amount of absorption but the translocation was very limited. ${\bullet}$ By relaying the exposure time. the amount of root absorption was ted increasing, and persistent absorption was rather effective in the susceptible (cv. Mushakdanti) cultivar than the tolerant (cv. Chokoto). ${\bullet}$ Translocation of oxyfluorfen from shoot to root was tended to easily attaining in both cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted in the paddy field to investigate the influence of bensulfuron (methyl-2-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonil]methyl]benzoate)+butachlor (N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl acetanilide) and bensulfuron+mefenacet(2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yloxy)-N-methylacetanilide) for seedling age of rice with Dongjinbyeo of medium-late-maturing variety, Hwaseongbyeo of medium-maturing variety and Namwonbyeo of early-maturing variety. Two herbicide applications interfered with the early growth of all rice varieties, the root was especially damaged more than the shoot. The phytotoxicity of bensulfuron+butachlor and bensulfuron+mefenacet was not significant statistically and the phytotoxicity of these herbicides for seedling age was apt to be similar, also. Twenty and 35days seedlings of Dongjinbyeo and Hawseongbyeo had more growth amount than 8days seedlings, but Namwonbyeo had opposite trend. The number of maximum tillers in the plots applied herbicides were fewer than untreated control but, the percentage of productive tillers was higher than those. Heading date for Namwonbyeo was delayed 2, 1-2 and 2-3days on 35, 20 and 8days seedlings by herbicide application, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1990

The axillary buds of 15-year-old Tilia amurensis were cultured on Saito and Ide (IS), Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and woody plant medium (WPM) to establish an effective micropropagation method. Five levels of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were tested. On IS medium and WPM addition of 1.0/l BAP enhanced shoot development and shoot elongation, whereas addition of 0.5/l BAP was effective on MS medium. A better results were obtained from WPM with 1.0/l BAP and MS with 0.1/l BAP. Developed shoots were subcultured on each basal media but with 0.2/l BAP, Multiple shoots were almost doubled in a month. Root formation could be enhanced at higher concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Better rooting rate (83.3%) was achieved on a half-strength MS medium with 3.0 /l IBA. Regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to soil. To investigate the clonal variation in shoot development and shoot elongation by axillary bud culturing, seven plus tree clones were tested, Clonal variation in tissue culturability among plus trees was recognized by the Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. Kang Won No. 12 showed the best response on WPM with 1.0/l BAP.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2019

The taxonomic rank of the tiny-leaved terrestrial orchid Cephalanthera subaphylla Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$ has been somewhat controversial, as it has been treated as a species or as an infraspecific taxon, under C. erecta (Thunb.) Blume [C. erecta var. subaphylla (Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$) Ohwi and C. erecta f. subaphylla (Miyabe & $Kud{\hat{o}}$) M. Hiro]. Allozyme markers, traditionally employed for delimiting species boundaries, are used here to gain information for determining the taxonomic status of C. subaphylla. To do this, we sampled three populations of five taxa (a total of 15 populations) of Cephalanthera native to the Korean Peninsula [C. erecta, C. falcata (Thunb.) Blume, C. longibracteata Blume, C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch, and C. subaphylla]. Among 20 putative loci resolved, three were monomorphic (Dia-2, Pgi-1, and Tpi-1) across the five species. Apart from C. longibracteata, there was no allozyme variation within the remaining four species. Of the 51 alleles harbored by these 17 polymorphic loci, each of the 27 alleles at 14 loci was unique to a single species. Accordingly, we found low average values of Nei's genetic identities (I) between ten species pairs (from I = 0.250 for C. erecta versus C. longifolia to I = 0.603 for C. falcata vs. C. longibracteata), with C. subaphylla being genetically clearly differentiated from the other species (from I = 0.349 for C. subaphylla vs. C. longifolia to 0.400 for C. subaphylla vs. C. falcata). These results clearly indicate that C. subaphylla is not genetically related to any of the other taxa of Cephalanthera that are native to the Korean Peninsula, including C. erecta. In a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), C. subaphylla was positioned distant not only from C. falcata, C. longibracteata, and C. longifolia, but also from C. erecta. Finally, K = 5 was the best clustering scheme using a Bayesian approach, with five clusters precisely corresponding to the five taxa. Thus, our allozyme results strongly suggest that C. subaphylla merits the rank of species.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2010

To evaluate physical characteristics of open rainfall in Korea, terminal velocity of raindrop and drop size distributions (DSD) were continuously measured using by laser-optical disdrometer around Gosam reservoir, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do during three rainfall events from 2008 to 2009. The relationships between kinetic energies (KE, Jm^-2mm^-1; KER, Jm^-2h^-1) and rainfall intensity were obtained, respectively. Moreover, we compared the rainfall intensity from a disdrometer with the rainfall intensity from a tipping bucket raingauge to transform the kinetic energy of rainfall using the data from a tipping bucket raingauge. Therefore, the established relationships between kinetic energies (KE and KER) and rainfall intensity could be a useful model to consider the kinetic energy of raindrop using the rainfall intensity below 40mmh^-1 of max 5-min rainfall intensity in the middle of South Korea. However, to better examine the relationship between kinetic energy and rainfall intensity, further measurement will be required.