• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of root zone temperature on the growth of shoot and root and the mineral contents in leaf of 'Fuji/M26' apple tree. Shoot growth and enlargement of trunk girth increased linearly with increasing root zone temperature. Fresh and dry weight of root reached maximum at $35^{\circ}C$. Water content of root increased with rising root zone temperature. The chlorophyll content of leaves showed insignificant difference with root zone temperature. Leaf water potential was high at $35^{\circ}C$ at 15 day after treatment but 60 day after treatment this was decreased. The nitrogen content of the leaves was not different by root zone temperature whereas the phosphorus content of the leaves was increased at $30^{\circ}C$ in 1993 and at $25^{\circ}C$ in 1994. The potassium content of the leaves reached a maximum at $30^{\circ}C$ in 1993 and $25^{\circ}C$ in 1994. In 1994 the calcium content of the leaves was increased with rising root zone temperature and with lengthening duration of treatment but no such differences were found in 1993. The magnesium content of the leaves was highest at $25^{\circ}C$ in 1993 and at $20^{\circ}C$ in 1994. The nitrogen and potassium content of the roots were increased linearly with root zone temperature in 1993 and 1994 and the magnesium and phosphorus content of the roots were high at $35^{\circ}C$ in 1994 but no such differences were found in the calcium content of the roots.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2014

In Pleuronectiformes, blind-side malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) is common in cultured flatfishes, and is economically important. To understand the mechanism of blind-side hypermelanosis in flatfishes, we examined when the malpigmentation initially occurred, and studied how the symptoms proceeded during early development of the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. To assess quantitative pattern changes of blind-side skin, we observed morphological development of the whole body from 22 (total length [TL] $10.0{\pm}0.2$ mm and body weight [BW] $8.8{\pm}0.57$ mg) to 110 days (TL $23.4{\pm}0.7$ mm, BW $193.6{\pm}23.3$ mg) after hatching (DAH), and also examined the malpigmented area rate of blind-side skin and the malpigmented fish ratios. The experimental animals were reared in fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks in water at a temperature of $18.9{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C$ and salinity of $32.6{\pm}0.6$ psu and were fed with rotifer and Artemia nauplii from 22 to 48 DAH, and with A. nauplii and commercial feed from 49 to 110 DAH. As results, the first staining patch seen by the naked eye was observed around the area between the anus and pelvic fin or caudal edge of the trunk at 80 DAH (TL $20.6{\pm}0.5$ mm, BW $112.5{\pm}8.8$ mg). The pigmented area and the pigmented fish ratios were significantly increased from 80 to 110 DAH. These results indicated that malpigmentation on the blind side of starry flounder was initially observed at about 2 cm in length and 100 mg in weight, and the pigmented domain on the blind-side skin was continually broadened by the differentiation of pigmented cells (melanophores and xanthophores) with growth.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2004

Early development and metamorphosis of the ascidian (Halocynthia hilgendorfi ritteri) were investigated from fertilized egg. The samples were collected in the coastal waters of Yongdam, northwest of Jeju Island in November 2002. H. hilgendorfi ritteri was solitary ascidian and produced spheral eggs with egg size ranging from $0.33\pm0.01\;mm.$ On the outer surface of the vitelline coat are attached many follicle cells. At $21.0\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ of water temperature, first cleavage took place in about 1.5 hrs after fertilization, and gastrulation followed in about 12.5 hrs. The formation of tailbud embryos and free swimming larvae were observed 13.3 hrs and 20.5 hrs after fertilization, respectively. The size of newly hatched tadpole larva was 1.30-1.45 mm, the larva swam for 2 hrs to 14 hrs. At 4 hrs after hatching, the palpi were lost and tail absorption began with an abrupt rupture of the anterior end of the notochord. At 17-18 hrs after hatching, tail completely absorption and remained trunk. The coniform adhesive papilla began protrusion at 30 hrs after hatching. The oral and atrial siphon formed at 6-7 days after settlement. At 17-18 days after settlement, metamorphosed the larvae developed into protoascidian of which the external morphology was similar to their adult.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.578-586
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• 2005

Air mattress is now used widely to prevent the pressure ulcer by reducing the localized pressure peaks. The pressure control method based on the anthrophometric model of an air-cell mattress developed in this study is presented. The air-cell mattress has 18 cylindrical air cells made of porous material allowing air leakage. Even though the air leakage can contribute to reducing the development of pressure ulcer by lowering the pressure peak, temperature and humidity, the air pressure changes with time and the desired air-cell pressure has to be determined as an optimal value for each user. To select the desired air-cell pressure, we first divide the parts of the body into four sections such as head, trunk, hip, and leg. Then, the pressure of each section grouped with air-cells is calculated from the weight of each part estimated from the individual height and body weight. Air supply system for the air-cell mattress is implemented by using four electronic solenoid valves and an air compressor, and it is driven by a real-time microcontroller. We experimented with five subjects of the contact pressure on skin. The experimental results show that the proposed air-cell mattress is effective for the prevention of the pressure ulcer.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1996

We described morphological characteristics of embryonic, larval, and juvenile period of the yellow puffer, Takifugu obscurus. We defined seven periods of embryogenesis the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharygula, and hatching periods. The eggs were adhesive and spherical in shape. The egg yolk had numerous tiny oil globules. Hatching began about 280 hours after insemination at $17.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ water temperature. Melanopores of star shape were seen on yolk, head and trunk during the pharygula and hatching period. The hatched larvae haying large yolk were $3.00\~3.54$ mm in size with $25\~26$ myomeres. The larvae completely absorbed the yolk materials and oil globules within 7 days after hatching and became post-larvae. Laval fish became juveniles within 60 days after hatching, and they reached $23.54\~30.12$ mm in total length and had fin-rays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.133-143
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• 2018

In spite of the growing importance of landscaping trees, the rate of flawed and withered trees damaged by pest, disease, drought or frost is increasing. In order to evaluate the performance of the Tree Protective Pad, which are developed to reduce the failure ratio in landscape planting, the tree protective pad for 'digging', 'pest controlling', and 'insulating' are tested based on the five functional criteria; moisturizing effect, wither preventive effect, pest and disease control, thermal effect, tensile strength, and environmental performance. The result of this study is as follows. The moisturizing effect of the tree protective pad for digging is found to be outstanding. According to the result of testing the pad on trees, in particular, it is better than jute tape in wither preventive effect, which means it is expected to prevent flaw and wilt from planting during the improper seasons like summertime. The experiment of installing the protective tree pad for pest controlling to the trunk of Quercus mongolica shows that preventive effect of the pad from diseases and insects is superior, and it also has economical effect by reducing the use of agricultural chemicals. The comparative test of the pad for insulating and jute tape proves that the temperature of the pad is about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than outside. The rate of tensile strength and biodegradation of the pad exceeds the optimal level, so it is revealed that the pad may be the work efficient and environment-friendly product. Likewise, by timely irrigating trees, the tree protective pad economically prevents trees from pest, disease,drought or frost, which may be caused by improper seasonal or delayed planting. As a means of reducing the flaw and facilitating the growth of trees, the exceptional performance of the pad is expected to effectively used in landscape planting and management.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2000

In order to develop a antimicrobial agent, dried bamboo trunk was extracted by high temperature suction and then antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2825 and Escherichia coli DH 5$\alpha$ were investigated as compared with tea tree oil and BHA. The minimal inhibitory concentrationo(MIC) of the extracted substance against microorganisms were also examined. The results are as follows: 1. By disc diffusion method, BHA showed the strongest antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus ATCC 2825 but bamboo essential oil showed the strongest antimicrobial activity on Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli DH 5$\alpha$. 2. By broth dilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the BHA, tea tree oil and bamboo oil were not detected against S. aureus ATCC 2825(MIC, 6.0 $\mu$l/ ml) and E. coli DH 5$\alpha$(MIC, 6.0 $\mu$l/ ml)

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.152-160
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• 2001

This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of containerized landscape tree production methods on post-transplant stress. Two types of container such as plastic pot(pot), fabric growing bag(bag) were adopted to restrict tree roots. Each types of containers was divided into seven sub-types. One traditional production method was included as comparison. Two landscape woody plants species (Magnolia denudata, Albizzia julibrissin) were implanted in the 7 sub-types of container. After one or two growing season in the container, each types of container trees was transplanted. Half of the trees were transplanted in the mild spring season, and another half of trees were transplanted in the improper summer season. The data were collected on the crown wilting ratio and trunk die-back ratio. The result of the analysis based on these data were as follows; 1) The container production methods were lower than the traditional production methods by 3 times in the average wilting ratio of summer season's transplanting point. 2) Post-transplant stress was more successfully mitigated, in case the "pot" type as was the "bag" types of container. 3) The effective and economic way of mitigating post-transplant stress by container production methods was selecting container plants of vigorous and deep root systems. 4) The "pot" type of container was to restrict tree roots more successfully, But, winter chilling and low temperature attacked the "pot" type tree's twigs and suckers. These results indicated that "pot" grown container plants should managed carefully during the winter after transplanting. Based upon the results of this study, a subsequent research on the development of container material, growth type of the container trees, and other maintaining method will be required.es, and other maintaining method will be required.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.684-688
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• 1995

Hyperhidrosis, one of the abnormalities in autonomic nervous system, has been treated with dermatologic principles or thoracic sympathectomy via conventional axillary thoracotomy or dorsal spinal approach. But these techniques were rather ineffective or invasive. Recently, VATS is widely applied in thoracic surgical area, and hyperhidrosis is not the exception of these cases.From May 1993 to August 1994, 30 patients with bilateral palmar hyperhidrosis underwent bilateral thoracic [T2, T3 sympathectomy with thoracoscopic surgery at Seoul National University Hospital. There were 20 men and 10 women and the mean age was 23.0 years.Mean operating time was 115 min and there was no thoracotomy conversion. Operative complications were anesthetic overdose in 1, Horner`s syndrome in 1, and small amount of residual pneumothorax in 6. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.3 days [range from 1 to 4 days and postoperative analgesics were required in 17 cases with a single dose.Sweating amount was measured in 12 patients, showing significantly decreased amount from 284.5 mg preoperatively to 18.9 mg postoperatively in 5 minutes [p=0.004 . There was no recurrence during mean 6 months follow up. Twenty two patients [73.3 % complained moderate compensatory hyperhidrosis on the trunk.In conclusion, all patients were greatly satisfied with those results including no more palmar sweating, less pain, better cosmetics, short hospital stay. In addition, recent use of sweating amount measurement and intraoperative temperature monitoring could make this technique more accurate, so we easily applied thoracoscopic sympathectomy with minimal risk.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2019

A fungal strain, designated PTT-2, was isolated from the bark of the trunk of a persimmon (Diospyros kaki) tree in Cheongdo, Korea. The isolate showed morphological similarities with Leptosphaerulina saccharicola. Strain PTT-2 had more rapid growth on potato dextrose agar medium than on oatmeal agar, malt extract agar, and synthetic nutrient poor agar media, with colony sizes of 53.8 mm, 49.8 mm, 48.4 mm, and 28.1 mm after 7 days at $25^{\circ}C$ temperature, respectively. Strain PTT-2 produced ascospores, which had irregular wavy edges, oblong to ellipsoidal shape, hyaline appearance and $23.6{\times}10{\mu}m$ size. The black ascomata were developed on PDA medium, and asci were recorded. A BLAST search of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, TEF1-${\alpha}$ and RPB2 gene sequences revealed that strain PTT-2 showed more than 99% nucleotide similarity with a strain of Leptosphaerulina saccharicola previously reported from Thailand. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed by concatenating the above-mentioned sequences, and showed that strain PTT-2 clustered in the same clade with L. saccharicola. Based on these findings, this is the first record of Leptosphaerulina saccharicola occurring in Korea.