• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.477-488
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• 2007

Prevalence of an obese population has been increasing in Korea. Obesity is considered a major risk factor for chronic degenerative diseases. Specifically, prevalence of obesity is prominent for adult woman in Korea. In many weight control programs, weight change did not often show any beneficial effects for health. These facts discourage people in the program. Thus in this study, the anthropometry, blood pressure, serum biochemical indices and dietary habits were compared by percent body fat change for adult women to show the beneficial effects of the weight control program. Study subjects were 134. Measurements were done before and after the weight control program. Percent Body Fat (PBF) was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Using PBF changes, subjects were grouped as I (more than 1% increase), M (${\pm}1%$ change), and D (more than 1% decrease). Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. Among the 134 participants, 13 increased their weight and 100 decreased. For PBF, 19 increased and 59 decreased. Statistical significant differences were shown for anthropometric assessments before and after for all weight, fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. I had increases, and D shows decreases. But the difference of D is large than M. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased in all groups (p < 0.05). Fasting blood glucose decreased in all groups but were statistically significant only in D. Also triglyceride decreased in D (p < 0.05). Thus health conditions showed desirable changes in I < M < D in order. Dietary habit changes were desirable with only D. Weight, BMI and other indicators for obesity is not the real indicator for PBF. Recently it is easy to measure PBF. Thus, for weight control programs and to show benefits of the program, PBF is a good indicator for adult women in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2010

Objectives The clinical trial was designed to investigate the safety and effects of Bofu-tsusho-san extracts on the change of the weight, body compositions, serum in obese patients. Methods This study was a 4-weeks, double blind, comparative clinical trial. Eligible subjects had a body mass index(BMI) greater than $25\;kg/m^2$ and waist circumference(WC) longer than 85 cm in woman or 90 cm in man. Among 38 subjects, 36 subjects were randomized either to Bofu-tsusho-san or placebo. After 4 weeks of treatment, we measured anthropometric factors(weight, height, WC, BMI etc.), abdominal fat area by CT scanning, serum lipid(total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol), blood level of variety(glucose, adiponectine, leptin, C-reactive protein(CRP) etc.), blood pressure(BP). Adverse events also evaluated. Results BMI, BP, TG, CRP were reduced and weight, WC, score of KOQOL(Korean version of obesity-related QOL scale), SRI(Stress response inventory) were significant changed in Bofu-tsusho-san. But there were no considerable difference between Bofu-tsusho-san and placebo. there were no serious adverse events in either group. Conclusion There were limitations in this study that it conducted within a short period of 4 weeks. but its weight and WC loss effect was significant and it had few adverse events.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a weight loss program on the degree of obesity and levels of resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight subjects according to their mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP 2) genotype. Twenty-three subjects with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 were recruited from the Obesity Clinic of the Kyung-Hee University Hospital during the period of December 2000 - August 2001. The subjects were genotyped for the exon 8 allele; 15 subjects were found to be of del/del genotype, 8 were del/ins, and none were of ins/ins genotype. No significant association was found between the different UCP 2 genotypes and the initial levels of weight, fat mass (FM), lean body mess (LBM), BMI, REE, and REE/LBM ratio. After 12 weeks of a weight loss program, body weight and FM were significantly decreased, while LBM, total body water (TBW), and REE were not changed, irrespective of UCP 2 genotype. Initial fasting plasma levels of albumin, glucose, triglyceride, lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, free triiodo-thyronine (T3), free fatty acid (FFA), and leptin were not different according to the UCP 2 genotype; furthermore, these blood parameters were not changed after the 12-week weight loss program. However, plasma levels of leptin decreased in both the del/del and ins/del genotypes, from 18.7 ng/ml to 13.4 ng/ml (p<.05), and from 18.1 ng/ml to 13.9 ng/ml (p＜.05), respectively, after the weight loss program. In conclusion, this study found no significant association between the del/del or del/ins UCP 2 genotypes and differing levels of REE or differing degrees of obesity, either before or after a weight loss program. This study provided evidence that a well- managed weight loss program could maintain levels of REE, which plays an important role in the maintenance of energy balance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2012

The Korean diet, including breakfast, is becoming more Western, which could increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Our aim was to assess whether breakfast patterns are associated with risk for metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. The study subjects (n=371; 103 men, 268 women) were employees of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances, and all subjects were between 30 and 50 years old. The data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, three-day food intake, blood pressure (BP) and blood analyses. The three breakfast patterns identified by factor analysis were "Rice, Kimchi and Vegetables", "Potatoes, Fruits and Nuts" and "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat". The "Rice, Kimchi and Vegetables" pattern scores were positively correlated with systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements in men (P<0.05) and with serum triglyceride (TG) levels in women (P<0.05). The "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat" pattern scores correlated positively with weight, body mass index (P<0.05) and serum TGs (P<0.01) in men. The "Potatoes, Fruits and Nuts" pattern was associated with lower risk of elevated BP (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28-0.88) and fasting glucose levels (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.26-1.00). In contrast, the "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat" pattern was associated with increased risk of elevated TGs (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.06-3.98). Our results indicate that reducing the consumption of eggs, western grains and processed meat while increasing fruit, nut and vegetable intake for breakfast could have beneficial effects on decreasing metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2012

Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for metabolic syndromes. We examined whether vitamin D deficiency altered the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older Koreans. Cross-sectional analysis of data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV 2008-2009 was used to examine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and the prevalence of CVD in a representative population-based sample of 5,559 men and women aged ${\geq}50$ years. CVD was defined as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The prevalence of CVD (7.0%) in the older Korean population was lower than that in the older US population, although average serum 25(OH)D levels were much lower in the Korean population. Additionally, serum 25(OH)D levels did not differ significantly between the CVD and non-CVD groups. However, subjects in the lowest category (< 25 nmol/l) of serum 25(OH)D level had the greatest prevalence of CVD, about two-fold higher than subjects in the highest category (> 75 nmol/l), after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, education level, residence location, and region. The prevalence of other risk factors for CVD, including higher waist circumference, fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, was also higher among subjects in the lowest category than among those in the highest category. In conclusion, low serum 25(OH)D may be an independent risk factor for CVD in older Koreans.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2003

Possible correlations between nutrient intake add health status-as assessed by anthropometric measurements, physical performance and biochemical measurements-were investigated, using 514 healthy young men aged 20 years old who had no apparent health problems. The intakes of nutrients were estimated using a three-day dietary recall method. Height and body weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Physical performance was tested using sit-ups, push-ups, a loom sprint and a 1,500m run. When compared with the Korean recommended dietary allowances (Korean RDA), the subjects nutrient intakes were adequate except for calcium. The intake of calcium was 516.66$\pm$293.43mg/day, which is 73.80 % of the Korean RDA. The subjects averaged 174.51$\pm$7.07cm in height, 68.17$\pm$9.25 kg in body weight and 22.23$\pm$2.16 in BMI. The associations between nutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements, and between nutrient intakes and physical performance, were weak. The intake of vegetable fat was positively correlated to body weight, whereas the intake of carbohydrate was negatively correlated to BMI. The intake of carbohydrate was positively correlated to the level of performance in the loom sprint, and the intake of vegetable Int was positively correlated to the level of performance of sit-ups. No correlation was found between nutrient intakes and the following biochemical measurements of the blood: the levels of glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, hemoglobin and hematocrit. These results suggest that anthropometric measurements and level of physical performance can be associated with energy nutrient intakes, even in moderately active, well-nourished, young men. No correlation was found between nutrient intake and biochemical measurements, probably because all subjects had a reasonably well-balanced diet.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2009

Objectives: This study set out to investigate the relationship among the factors of metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria, their risk factors including general characteristics, and the distribution of the diagnosis criteria and risk among the adult residents of a rural community. Methods: Among 1,968 residents, those who had three or more of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, which include blood pressure, blood glucose, triglyceride, abdominal obesity, and HDL-C, were categorized as the metabolic syndrome group. And their correlations were analyzed. Results: As for the risk ratio with five factors of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria, it was high according to age and smoking. In addition, the results show that body fat percentage, hs-CRP, insulin, BMI, PP2, total cholesterol, and W/Ht also had much impact on increasing the risk ratio of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria. It turned out that metabolic syndrome was affected by the body mass index(BMI), insulin, waist to height ratio(W/Ht), and hs-CRP. It was 2.51 times crude odds ratio that BMI over the 25kg/m2 in the ratio of the fact of metabolic syndrome and adjusted for sex odds ratio 2.50times and W/Ht was 3.31times, adjusted for sex odds ratio 3.25 times. Conclusion: BMI, W/Ht and smoking of the general characteristics seem to have close relationships with high correlations between the metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria and the risk factors. Thus there is an urgent need to evaluate them and take interventions and monitoring measures for the clustering of risk factors.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.975-984
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• 2013

This study is performed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male workers and to identify the relationships with many related factors including anthropometry, hematological index, serum lipid level, dietary-related behaviors and health-related behaviors. According to the age groups, the 20s are significantly higher in normal and risk groups than in the metabolic syndrome (MS) group, the 30s are significantly higher in MS group than the other groups. The levels of AST and ${\gamma}$-GTP both show significant differences in the order of MS group ($30.3{\pm}8.8U/l$, $91.1{\pm}40.2U/l$) > risk group ($25.7{\pm}8.1U/l$, $41.8{\pm}20.2U/l$) > normal group ($22.8{\pm}6.0U/l$, $26.6{\pm}10.7U/l$). For the frequency of breakfast consumption, the response of 'Every day' is significantly higher in MS group than normal and risk groups, but the response of 'Not at all' is significantly higher in normal group than MS and risk groups. The drinking amount is positively correlated with ${\gamma}$-GTP in normal group, and it is negatively correlated with the hematocrit level, but it is positively correlated with the systolic blood pressure in MS group. AST is positively correlated with glucose concentrations of the MS group. The ALT is positively correlated with waist circumferences and systolic blood pressure in the risk group. The results of this study show that breakfast frequency, education level, drinking amount, drinking frequency, exercise frequency, AST, ALT and ${\gamma}$-GTP levels are all important risk factors of MS. Therefore, it is very important to maintain a healthy life style for the prevention of MS incidence.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1736-1743
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• 2014

This study was designed to test the effects of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) level on the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and antioxidant activity of juvenile red seabream (Pagrus major). Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% DDG from rice (designated as DDG0, DDG5, DDG10, DDG15, DDG20, and DDG25), respectively. Juvenile red seabream averaging $10.1{\pm}0.05g$ were randomly distributed into 400-L tanks in a flow through systems. Three replicate groups of fish were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiation two times a day for 10 weeks. Survival, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and hepatosomatic index of fish were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). Proximate and amino acid composition of whole body in juvenile red seabream were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). Plasma content of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, phospholipid and triglyceride were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical and alkyl radical scavenging activities in plasma and liver of fish were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). The results of this experiment suggest that DDG has the potential to replace plant origin ingredients such as wheat flour and corn gluten meal and could be used up to 25% in diet without incurring negative effects on the growth performance of juvenile red seabream.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 2007

It is known that onion increases antioxidative and antibiotic capacity, and decreases blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The study was carried out to investigate whether ethanol extract of onion can enhance blood lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic patients. Foully three hypercholesterolemic patients were randomly divided into 2 groups; 25 in controls and 18 in experimental group. The control group was offered to take placebo for 4 weeks (200 ml/day), and experimental group was offered to consume ethanol extract of onion for 8 weeks (200 ml/day that corresponds to 500 g of onion). There were no differences in sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and educational levels between groups before treatment. After 8 weeks of onion extract consumption, plasma triglycerides level was significantly decreased in experimental group compared to control (p<0.05). Total cholesterol level was tended to decrease in experimental group, but there was no significant difference of change between control and experimental group. The levels of plasma glucose and LDL-cholesterol were not changed significantly after onion extract consumption. In summary, alcohol extract of onion may have a positive effect on the lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemia patients through decreasing plasma triglyceride concentration.