• 한국포장학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 PEBAX/PEG-CA 복합필름을 제조하여 내부에 아염소산나트륨 분말을 포함한 스마트 샤쉐를 제작하였다. 또한, TGA, DSC, FT-IR, UV-vis를 통해 샤쉐의 화학적 구조 및 열적 특성과 더불어 샤쉐 적용성 평가를 위해 이산화염소 가스 방출량을 측정하였다. PEBAX/PEG-CA 복합필름은 친수성 및 혼화성을 바탕으로 매트릭스 내에서 강한 화학적 상호작용을 하는 것을 확인하였다. 특히, 구연산의 함량이 높아질수록 복합필름의 열 안정성이 저하되었지만, 저온 및 상온의 유통환경과 필름 제작 온도 범위(<℃)에서 열분해가 발생하지 않았으므로 샤쉐의 제작 및 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구의 핵심인 이산화염소 가스 방출량 측정에서는 스마트 샤쉐가 측정 기간인 14일 동안 내부 아염소산나트륨의 이산화염소 가스 방출을 지속적으로 활성화했으며, 산층의 구연산 함량이 높아짐에 따라 방출량이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 스마트 샤쉐 내부의 아염소산나트륨 함량 및 산층의 구연산 함량 조절 또는 포장크기의 변경 등을 통해 이산화염소 방출량을 효과적으로 조절할 수 있으며, 이는 별도의 설비 및 고가의 장비 없이도 살균 효과를 연장시키는 이점이 있다. 위 실험 결과에 따라 제품 특성 및 포장 용적에 따라 스마트 샤쉐의 응용 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 하지만, 확실한 소비자 안정성 확보와 스마트 샤쉐의 적용 확장성을 확인하기 위해 항균성 및 저장성 측면에서 향후 연구가 필요하다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.134-147
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• 2022

The anti-oxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to exert anti-inflammatory effects. From a library of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, we identified a novel compound KKC080096 that upregulated HO-1 at the mRNA and protein levels in microglial BV-2 cells. KKC080096 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects via suppressing nitric oxide, interleukin1β (IL-1β), and iNOS production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged cells. It inhibited the phosphorylation of IKK and MAP kinases (p38, JNK, ERK), which trigger inflammatory signaling, and whose activities are inhibited by HO-1. Further, KKC080096 upregulated anti-inflammatory marker (Arg1, YM1, CD206, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β]) expression. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinetreated mice, KKC080096 lowered microglial activation, protected the nigral dopaminergic neurons, and nigral damage-associated motor deficits. Next, we elucidated the mechanisms by which KKC080096 upregulated HO-1. KKC080096 induced the phosphorylation of AMPK and its known upstream kinases LKB1 and CaMKKbeta, and pharmacological inhibition of AMPK activity reduced the effects of KKC080096 on HO-1 expression and LPS-induced NO generation, suggesting that KKC080096-induced HO-1 upregulation involves LKB1/AMPK and CaMKKbeta/AMPK pathway activation. Further, KKC080096 caused an increase in cellular Nrf2 level, bound to Keap1 (Nrf2 inhibitor protein) with high affinity, and blocked Keap1-Nrf2 interaction. This Nrf2 activation resulted in concurrent induction of HO-1 and other Nrf2-targeted antioxidant enzymes in BV-2 and in dopaminergic CATH.a cells. These results indicate that KKC080096 is a potential therapeutic for oxidative stress-and inflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.93-133
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• 2019

Throughout history, there are three clues of dualistic structures for the development of Hong Kong's nativism. First, inward attribution and outward lookingare two paths to the formation of Hong Kong's nativism. In the dualistic framework of "self-others", nativism is formed. The formation path of "outward looking"can be seen everywhere in the construction history of Hong Kong's nativism. It is under the reflection of "two mirrors" with Britain and Chinese mainland that Hong Kong people acquire the concept of "Hong Kong's nativism". Second, there are two aspects of Hong Kong's nativism: economic and cultural aspect and political aspect. With the gradual development of Hong Kong's history, these two aspects come into being and are closely bound up, thus constituting Hong Kong's nativism today. The third clue is the most critical one. The subjectivity of colonization and decolonization are two different forms of Hong Kong people's subjectivity. These three clues run through the whole process of the construction of Hong Kong nativism, and are carried out in three stages of development: "Origin (1960s-1970s): Preliminary Construction of Hong Kong's Nativism", "Development of Hong Kong's Nativism (1980s-1997): Awakening of Political Aspect" and "Formation and Alienation of Hong Kong's Nativism (1997-present): Deformed "decolonization". Along the evolution of Hong Kong's nativism, with the disintegration of colonialism, Hong Kong people have gradually transited from the subjectivity of colonization to the subjectivity of decolonization, but the process of "decolonization" has not been completed up to now.When nativism loses its native complex from the perspective of "inherent in China", and further develops into the "separatism" of anti-constitutional system and anti-national continuity and unity, it will challenge the stability of the relationship between the central government and the Special Administrative Region under the "one country, two systems". At the same time, it will have a greater impact on the political structure and the rule of law system of Hong Kong, and trigger a series of public law problems that need to be solved urgently. In this regard, on the one hand, we should re-clarify the relationship between the central government and the region under the "one country, two systems" in light of the new situation of democratic political development in Hong Kong, and improve Hong Kong's governance mechanism on the basis of the constitution and the basic law; on the other hand, we should actively learn from the German defensive democracy system to systematically interpret, integrate and apply Hong Kong's existing legal resources so as to effectively curb the development of local separatist forces.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.27-48
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• 2012

Temperature and weather are all around us, quite literally. Furthermore, temperature and weather not only permeate our atmosphere, constantly affecting our visceral states of warmth and coldness, but they metaphorically permeate our language. People, products, and ideas can all be "hot" or "cold." Given this ubiquity, it is perhaps surprising that relatively little research has systematically examined the influence of temperature on choice and judgment. Temperature-related words such as "hot" and "cold" are often used to describe impulsive and calculated behaviors, respectively. These metaphoric connotations of thermal concepts raise the question as to whether temperature, psychological states and decision making are related to each other, and if so, how. The current research examines these questions and finds support for a relationship. Across one field study and one laboratory experiment, I demonstrate that both hot ambient room temperature (Spa) and hot temperature primes (words) trigger decision outcomes in line with the metaphoric association between hot temperature and impulsivity. In the field study, participants were recruited in hot (40-50 degrees Celsius) and cold (10 degrees Celsius) rooms at a spa. Participants were simply asked to indicate their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for three product categories (travel package, birthday dinner, and cell phone). The results showed that participants in the hot room in comparison to those in the cold room were willing to pay more for the same products. Next, I tested if our results would go beyond ambient temperature and would hold if I were to prime temperature concepts by using a different priming method (i.e., subliminal vs. supraliminal). In line with the previous findings in the spa, participants in the hot priming condition were more likely to choose the wrong answer for the bat and baseball question than those in the cold priming condition. In addition, product type (e.g., pleasure vs. necessity) can moderate the effect of hot temperature on impulsivity. Mood and arousal did not mediate participants' responses. My findings seem to suggest that the effects of temperature on decision outcomes can be attributed to metaphoric associations rather than incidental mood or arousal. The current research applies a novel perspective in understanding the relationship between temperature and judgment and decision making. Also, the results have practical implications for packaging, advertising, merchandising, and pricing of goods and services, as well as for public policy and awareness. One of the most natural implications of my findings would be that retailers would be better off carrying more impulse purchase items on hot days. Furthermore, point-of-purchase promotions encouraging impulse purchase is more likely to be effective in retail environments with higher temperature than with lower temperature. In addition, advertisements and product packages evoking hot temperature associations (e.g., beach, sunshine, summer) might lead consumers to pay higher price for the advertised product than those with cold temperature associations.

• 대한안과학회지
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.480-485
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• 2019

목적: 20년 동안 수정체 내에 잔존했던 안내 이물에 의해 발생한 백내장수술 후 안내염을 경험하였기에 보고하고자 한다. 증례요약: 45세 남자 환자가 3개월 전부터 시작된 우안의 점진적인 시력저하를 주소로 내원하였다. 세극등현미경검사상 우안 수정체전낭의 혼탁, 수정체핵경화, 후낭밑백내장 소견을 보였다. 과거력상 20년 전 못이 우안에 튀어 수상한 기왕력이 있었으며 수상 당시 시행한 세극등현미경검사에서는 안내 이물을 확인하지 못하였다. 환자는 계획에 따라 백내장수술을 시행하기로 하였다. 수정체유화술 중 수정체 내에 금속이물이 발견되어 금속이물을 안전하게 제거하고, 인공수정체를 삽입하였다. 술 후 3일째에 전방축농 소견이 관찰되어 항생제 유리체내주사를 시행하고 강화-항생제 안약을 점안하였다. 이후 전방내 염증 소견은 호전되었으며, 교정시력은 1.0으로 회복되었다. 결론: 외상 시 간과되어 안구 내에 잔존한 이물이 염증과 증상을 일으키지 않아 장기간 수정체 내에 잔존하였다가 이후 백내장을 진행시킨 경우에도 백내장수술 및 안내 이물제거 후 안내염이 발생할 수 있음을 주의해야 한다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 사회적 가치와 생명윤리에 관한 의사결정의 관계를 검증하는데 있다. 연구 1에서는 한국 대학생들의 사회적 가치를 조사하였다. 대학생들이 성취의 가치를 선호할수록 배려의 가치를 선호하는 정도가 낮아서, 성취의 가치가 배려의 가치와 부적 상관관계에 있었다. 연구 2에서는 문장완성과제를 통해 성취/배려의 가치를 활성화시킨 조건에 따라 생명윤리에 관한 의사결정에서 차이가 나타나는지를 비교하였다. 그 결과, 성취/배려의 점화에 관계없이 동물실험, 안락사 및 장기이식의 활성화에 대해 전반적으로 동의하는 공리주의적 결정이 나타났다. 이에 비해 태아성감별과 인간복제연구에 관해서는 성취조건과 배려조건에서 모두 동의정도가 상대적으로 낮았다. 연구 3에서는 성취/배려의 가치를 활성화시킨 조건에서 단어완성과제를 통해 참가자들의 암묵적 가치 선호를 측정한 후, 생명윤리에 대한 의사결정이 달라지는지를 분석하였다. 그 결과 배려점화조건에서 배려의 가치를 암묵적으로 더 선호하는 참가자일수록 동물실험 및 장기이식의 활성화에 더 반대하는 경향이 나타났다. 반면, 태아 성감별과 인간복제연구에 대한 의사결정에서는 조건에 관계없이 전반적으로 반대하는 경향이 많이 나타나서. 실험상황에서 유도된 사회적 가치와 참가자 개인이 암묵적으로 선호하는 가치의 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 이 결과는 한 개인이 암묵적으로 선호하는 사회적 가치와 외부상황에서 부각되는 가치가 생명윤리에 관한 의사결정에 차별화된 영향을 줄 가능성을 시사한다. 논의에서는 사회적 가치와 윤리적 의사결정의 관계를 토론하고, 연구의 한계 및 후속연구의 방향을 다루었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2023

Background: The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)'s classification of and airborne fraction ratio for consumer chemical products (CCP) does not reflect the characteristics of various product classifications. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to reclassify the types of spray products according to the diverse spray characteristics of CCPs to evaluate the airborne fraction ratio of representative spray types and to compare them with previous CCPs types and airborne fraction ratios. Methods: One thousand seven hundred two products were selected through market research, and 932 newly reported products were selected. After that, 200 were selected to evaluate products with potential inhalation exposure. After classifying six product types that are expected to show differences in the airborne fraction ratio according to the type of product, a final 38 products were selected for use in the airborne fraction ratio through random sampling. Results: CCP has been reclassified from two to six types so that the characteristics of all products are well-reflected. The NIER simply had two airborne fraction ratios, but the results of experiments with six types of products showed a significant difference in values (p<0.01). Airborne fraction ratios of propellant general foam, pump general aerosol, and pump trigger foam in spray type, which were not previously present in NIER, were 7.1%, 24.4%, and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusions: For the diversified types of CCPs, the newly proposed classification was more appropriate than the existing NIER classification. The airborne fraction ratio was also different for each type, so a new value was suggested.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.899-916
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is a fundamental neurodegenerative disease trigger that damages and decimates nerve cells. Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic central nervous system disorders that progress and result from neuronal degradation and loss. Recent studies have extensively focused on neurodegenerative disease treatment and prevention using dietary compounds. Heseperetin is an aglycone hesperidin form with various physiological activities, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antitumor. However, few studies have considered hesperetin's neuroprotective effects and mechanisms; thus, our study investigated this in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-treated SH-SY5Y cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were treated with H₂O₂ (400 µM) in hesperetin absence or presence (10-40 µM) for 24 h. Three-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays detected cell viability, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining allowed us to observe nuclear morphology changes such as chromatin condensation and apoptotic nuclei. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays measured intracellular ROS production; Griess reaction assays assessed nitric oxide (NO) production. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reactions quantified corresponding mRNA and proteins. RESULTS: Subsequent experiments utilized various non-toxic hesperetin concentrations, establishing that hesperetin notably decreased intracellular ROS and NO production in H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hesperetin inhibited H₂O₂-induced inflammation-related gene expression, including interluekin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activation. In addition, hesperetin inhibited NF-κB translocation into H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cell nuclei and suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinase protein expression, an essential apoptotic cell death regulator. Various apoptosis hallmarks, including shrinkage and nuclear condensation in H₂O₂-treated cells, were suppressed dose-dependently. Additionally, hesperetin treatment down-regulated Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratios and activated AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin autophagy pathways. CONCLUSION: These results substantiate that hesperetin activates autophagy and inhibits apoptosis and inflammation. Hesperetin is a potentially potent dietary agent that reduces neurodegenerative disease onset, progression, and prevention.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.43-67
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• 2016

서비스와 기술 간 융합 현상이 가속화되고 있는 비즈니스 환경 속에서 서비스 분야에서 기술의 역할은 점차 확대되고 있다. 지난 30년 동안 많은 연구에서 서비스 혁신에서 기술의 중요성을 강조해 왔음에도 불구하고, 서비스 혁신에서 기술의 역할이 무엇이고 어떻게 기업 성과에 영향을 미치는지에 대한 논의는 아직까지 진행 중에 있다. 기존 문헌에서는 서비스 혁신 성공과 기업성과에 중요한 영향을 미치는 기술에 대해 다양한 역할들을 제시하고 있으나, 아직까지 서비스 혁신에서 기술의 명확한 역할에 대해 이론적으로 실증적으로 명확하게 규명한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 기업이 기술을 활용을 통해 성공적으로 서비스 혁신을 수행하기 위해서는, 기술이 서비스 혁신과 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 선행될 필요가 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 서비스 혁신에서 기술의 역할이 무엇인지 규명하고자 하며, 기술, 서비스 혁신, 그리고 기업 성과 간의 인과 관계를 이론적이고 실증적으로 규명하고자 한다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 다음과 같다: 1) 서비스 혁신에서 기술의 역할을 파악하고자 한다: 2) 기술, 서비스 혁신, 그리고 기업성과 간의 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 통합적인 관점을 기반으로 기존 연구를 통해 4개의 서비스 혁신 지향성(예, 서비스 창출, 서비스 전달, 고객 상호작용, 그리고 기술)을 도출하고, 국내의 193개의 지식 서비스 기업을 대상으로 수집된 데이터를 기반으로 기술, 서비스 혁신 그리고 기업 성과 간의 인과 관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 기술 지향성은 서비스 창출 지향성과 서비스 전달 지향성에는 선행자로서 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 반면, 고객 상호작용 지향성에는 촉진자로서 상호작용하여 기업성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 기술 지향성에 선행적으로 그리고 조절적으로 영향을 받은 모든 서비스 혁신 활동은 기업 성과에 긍정적이고 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 의료법학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.331-393
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• 2010

Psychiatrists who treat violent or potentially violent patients may be sue for failure to control aggressive outpatients and for the discharge of violent inpatients. Psychiatrists may be sued for failing to protect society from the violent acts of their patients if it was reasonable for the psychiatrists to have known or should have known about the patient's violent tendencies and if the psychiatrists could have done something that could have safeguarded in public. The courts of a number of jurisdictions have imposed a duty to protect the potential victims of a third party on persons or institutions with a special relationship to that party. In the landmark case of Tarasoff v Regents of University of California, the California Supreme Court held that the special relationship between a psychotherapist and a patient imposes on the therapist a duty to act reasonably to protect the foreseeable victims of the patient. Under Tarasoff, when a therapist has determined, or under applicable professional standards should determine, that a patient poses a serious threat of violence to another, he incurs an obligation to use reasonable care to protect the intended victim against such danger. In addition to a Tarasoff type of action based on a duty to warn or protect foreseeable victims of psychiatric outpatients, courts have also imposed liability on mental health care providers based on their custody of patients known to have violent propensities. The legal duty in such a case has been stated to be that where the course of treatment of a mental patient involves an exercise of "control" over him by a physician who knows or should know that the patient is likely to cause bodily harm to others, an independent duty arises from that relationship and falls on the physician to exercise that control with such reasonable care as to prevent harm to others at the hands of the patient. After going through a period of transition, from McIntosh, Thompson and Brady case, finally, the narrow rule of requiring a specific or foreseeable threat of violence against a specific or identifiable victim is the standard threshold or trigger element in the majority of states. Judgements on these kinds of cases are not enough yet in Korea, so that it may be too early to try find principles in these cases, however it is hardly wrong to read the same reasons of Tarasoff in the judgements of Korea district courts. To specific, whether a psychiatric institute was liable for violent behavior toward others depends upon the patients conditions, circumstances and the extent of the danger the patients poses to others; in short, the foreseeability of a specific or identifiable victim. In this context if a patient exhibit strong violent behavior toward others, constant observation should be required. Negligence has been found not exist, however, when a patient abruptly and unexpectedly attack others or unidentifiable victim. And the standard of conduct that is required to meet the obligation of "due care" is based on what the "reasonable practitioner" would do in like circumstances. The standard is not one of excellence or superior practice; it only requires that the physician exercise that degree of skill and care that would be expected of the average qualified practitioner practicing under like circumstances. All these principles have been established in cases of the U.S.A and Japan. In this article you can find the reasons which you can use for psychotherapist's liability for failure to protect third person in Korea as practitioner.