• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.58-71
• /
• 1997

In order to the location and local arrangement of nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers projecting to the meridian points related to facial nerve paralysis in the rat using the neural tracers, CTB and WGA-HRP, labeled neurons the were investigated by immunohistochemical and HRP histochemical methods following injection of 2.5% WGA-HRP and 1% CTB into Hyopko$(S_6)$. Chichang$(S_4)$, Sugu$(GV_{26})$, Sajukkong$(TE_{23})$ and Yangbaek$(G_{14})$. Following injection of Hyopko$(S_6)$, Chichang$(S_4)$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, reticular nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus. labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in mesencephalic trigeminal tract, sensory root of trigeminal nerve, oral, interpolar and caudal part of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Following injection of Sugu$(GV_{26})$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus. Labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in spinal trigeminal tract, trigeminal motor nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal tract, oral. interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal part of reticular part and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Following injection of Sajukkong$(TE_{23})$ and Yangbaek$(G_{14})$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus. Labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in oral, interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, inferior olovary nucleus, medullary reticular field and lamina I-IV of $C_{1-2}$ spinal cord. Location of nerve cell body and nerve fibers projecting to the meridian points related to the facial nerve paralysis in the rats were found in facial nucleus and trigeminal motor nucleus. Sensory neurone were found in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in mesencephalic trigeminal tract, oral, interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius. lateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular field.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제65권5호
• /
• pp.640-651
• /
• 2022

Clinical studies on neuromodulation intervention for trigeminal neuralgia have not yet shown promising results. This might be due to the fact that the pathophysiology of chronic trigeminal neuropathy is not yet fully understood. Chronic trigeminal neuropathy includes trigeminal autonomic neuropathy, painful trigeminal neuropathy, and persistent idiopathic facial pain. This disorder is caused by complex abnormalities in the pain processing system, which is comprised of the affective, emotional, and sensory components, rather than mere abnormal sensation. Therefore, integrative understanding of the pain system is necessary for appropriate neuromodulation of chronic trigeminal neuropathy. The possible neuromodulation targets that participate in complex pain processing are as follows : the ventral posterior medial nucleus, periaqueductal gray, motor cortex, nucleus accumbens, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus internus, anterior cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, sphenopalatine ganglion, and occipital nerve. In conclusion, neuromodulation interventions for trigeminal neuralgia is yet to be elucidated; future advancements in this area are required.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.174-182
• /
• 2018

Background: The trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) is a primary central site for trigeminal transmitting. Noxious stimulation of the trigeminal nociceptors alters the central synaptic releases and neural expression of some inflammatory and trophic agents. Orexin-A and the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) are expressed in pain pathways including trigeminal pain transmission. However, the the mechanism(s) underling orexin-A effects on trigeminal pain modulation have not been fully clarified. Methods: Trigeminal pain was induced by subcutaneous injection of capsaicin in the upper lip in rats. The effect of trigeminal pain on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the Vc of animals was determined by immunofluorescence. Subsequently, OX1R agonist (orexin-A) and antagonist (SB-334867-A) was administrated in the Vc to investigate the possible roles of the Vc OX1R on changes in COX-2 and BDNF levels following pain induction. Results: The data indicated an increase in COX-2 and decrease in BDNF immuno-reactivity in the Vc of capsaicin, and capsaicin- pretreated with SB-334867-A (80 nM), groups of rat. However, the effect of capsaicin on COX-2 and BDNF expressions was reversed by a Vc microinjection of orexin-A (100 pM). Conclusions: Overall, the present data reveals that orexin-A can attenuate capsaicin-induced trigeminal pain through the modulation of pain effects on COX-2 and BDNF expressions in the Vc of rats.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2012

이 연구에서는 삼차신경꼬리핵 제 3~4층에서 저역치기계자극정보를 전달하는 일차들신경섬유의 종말과 연접하는 연접이전종말(presynaptic ending; p-ending)들이 어떤 억제성 신경전달물질을 함유하는 지를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전기생리학적으로 동정된 고양이콧수염유래 일차들신경종말을 단일 축삭내 HRP주입법으로 표식하였고, GABA와 glycine에 대한 항혈청으로 포매후금입자면역염색법을 시행한 후, 정량적 분석을 실시하였다. 표식종말과 연접하는 16개 p-ending들 중 8개(50%, 8/16) p-ending들은 GABA만을 함유하였으며, 나머지 8개(50%, 8/16) p-ending들은 GABA와 glycine 모두를 함유하는 집단으로 분류할 수 있었다. 또한, 이 두 집단의 p-ending 사이에는 유의한 평균체적의 차이가 보이지 않았으며, 각 p-ending이 함유하는 GABA와 glycine의 상대적 함량은 서로 달랐다. 이러한 결과들은 삼차신경꼬리핵에서 콧수염유래 일차들신경섬유에 의해 전달되는 저역치기계자극정보는 GABA 및 glycine에 의해 연접이전제어(presynaptic modulation)를 받으며, 그 연접이전제어는 각 일차들신경섬유의 종말마다 다르게 나타날 것 이라는 점을 제시한다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.183-187
• /
• 2015

The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration on multiple electron microscopic (EM) immunostaining using pre-embedding peroxidase and post-embedding immunogold method. Influence of various concentrations of GA included in the fixative on immuoreactivity was assessed in the multiple immunostaining using antisera against anti-transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) for peroxidase staining and anti-GABA for immunogold labeling in the rat trigeminal caudal nucleus. Anti-TRPV1 antiserum had specificity in pre-embedding peroxidase staining when tissues were fixed with fixative containing paraformaldehyde (PFA) alone. Immunoreactivity for TRPV1 was specific in tissues fixed with fixative containing 0.5% GA at both perfusion and postfixation steps, though the immunoreactivity was weaker than in tissues fixed with fixative containing PFA alone. Tissues fixed with fixative containing 0.5% GA at the perfusion and postfixation steps showed specific immunogold staining for GABA. The results of the present study indicate that GA concentration is critical for immunoreactivity to antigens such as TRPV1 and GABA. This study also suggests that the appropriate GA concentration is 0.5% for multiple immunostaining with peroxidase labeling for TRPV1 and immunogold labeling for GABA.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.151-157
• /
• 2008

삼차신경계에서 $P2X_3$와 TRPV1 면역양성 일차들신경섬유는 통각정보의 전달에 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 삼차신경절 및 삼차신경꼬리핵에서 $P2X_3$와 TRPV1 면역양성 신경세포의 형태학적 특성 및 투사양식을 이해하기 위하여, 흰쥐 삼차신경절 및 삼차신경꼬리핵에서 $P2X_3$와 TRPV1에 대한 항체를 사용하여 형광면역염색법 및 형태계측학적인 기법을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. $P2X_3$ 면역양성 신경세포중 77.4%의 신경세포에서 (1,401/1,810) TRPV1이 동시에 발현되었으며, TRPV1 면역양성 신경세포중 51.9% (1,401/2,698)의 신경세포에서 $P2X_3$와 공존을 보였다. $P2X_3$와 TRPV1에 동시에 면역양성반응을 보이는 신경세포는 중간크기의 신경세포에서 주로 관찰되었으며, $P2X_3$ 혹은 TRPV1 면역양성 신경세포중 아주 작거나 큰 신경세포에서는 공존하지 않았다. 삼차신경꼬리핵에서 $P2X_3$ 면역양성 신경섬유 및 신경종말들은 제1층과 제2층에 분포하는데 주로 제2층의 안쪽부위에서 밀도가 높게 관찰되었으며, TRPV1 면역양성 신경섬유 및 신경종말들은 제1층과 제2층의 바깥쪽에서 밀도가 높게 관찰되었다. $P2X_3$와 TRPV1이 공존하는 신경섬유 및 신경종말들은 제2층의 안쪽과 바깥쪽의 경계부위에서 관찰되었다. 이러한 연구결과는 $P2X_3$와 TRPV1을 동시에 발현하는 신경세포는 구강안면영역에서 통각정보의 처리에 독특한 역할을 수행할 것이라는 것을 시사한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.371-376
• /
• 2017

The caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (medullary dorsal horn; MDH) receives direct inputs from small diameter primary afferent fibers that predominantly transmit nociceptive information in the orofacial region. Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in persistent pain, primarily through spinal mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) system, a known generator of superoxide anion ($O_2{^-}$), on membrane excitability in the rat MDH neurons. For this, we used patch clamp recording and confocal imaging. An application of X/XO ($300{\mu}M/30mU$) induced membrane depolarization and inward currents. When slices were pretreated with ROS scavengers, such as phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, X/XO-induced responses decreased. Fluorescence intensity in the DCF-DA and DHE-loaded MDH cells increased on the application of X/XO. An anion channel blocker, 4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS), significantly decreased X/XO-induced depolarization. X/XO elicited an inward current associated with a linear current-voltage relationship that reversed near -40 mV. X/XO-induced depolarization reduced in the presence of $La^{3+}$, a nonselective cation channel (NSCC) blocker, and by lowering the external sodium concentration, indicating that membrane depolarization and inward current are induced by influx of $Na^+$ ions. In conclusion, X/XO-induced ROS modulate the membrane excitability of MDH neurons, which was related to the activation of NSCC.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.441-452
• /
• 1998

이 연구의 목적은 말초조직에 유해 자극을 가하였을 때 중추 신경계내 이차 신경 세포체내에 발현되어 neuronal marker로 사용되고 있는 c-fos를 사용한 면역 조직화학법으로 치아이동시 동반되는 동통의 투사경로의 이해에 도움을 주고자하는 것이다. 생후 9주령의 210gm내외의 Sprague-Dawley계 웅성 백서 21마리를 교정력을 가하지않고 마취만을 시행한 정상 대조군과 교정력 적용 시간 경과에 따라 1시간, 3시간, 6시간, 12시간, 1일, 3일군으로 나누어 각 해당 시간동안 상악 우측 제1 대구치와 상악 우측 측절치사이에 Ni-Ti coil spring를 결찰하여 30gm내외의 지속적인 교정력을 가한 후 희생시켰다. 희생시킨 백서의 뇌간을 적출하여 토끼의 항체를 이용하여 면역화학 염색을 시행하였다. 삼차신경 감각핵군내 부위에 따른 c-fos 면역 반응 세포를 측정하여 교정력 적용 시간 경과에 따른 변화를 관찰하였다. $\cdot$c-fos면역 반응 세포의 배측에서의 분포는 자극측 중위핵과 미측핵의 이행부위에서 시작하여 제1경추 척수 후각에 까지 이어졌는데 가장 많은 분포를 보인 곳은 미측핵의 문측 부위였다. 그리고 주로 I층 과 II층에서 관찰되었다. $\cdot$복측에서의 c-fos면역 반응 세포의 분포는 자극측 중위핵의 미측 부위에서 시작하여 미측핵의 중간부위에 까지 이어졌다. $\cdot$교정력 적용3, 6시간군에서 c-fos면역 반응 세포가 가장 많이 관찰 되었으며 12시간군에서 감소되기 시작하여 1일, 3일군에서는 현저히 감소 하였다. 위로 미루어 볼때 지속적인 교정력에 의한 동통은 중위핵과 미측핵의 이행부위, 미측핵, 제 1경추 척수후각에서 매개되는 것으로 생각된다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of peripheral nitric oxide (NO) pathways in the onset of interleukin (IL)-1$\beta$-induced mechanical allodynia in the orofacial area. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230-280 gm and surgical procedures were performed under pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, i.p.). Under anesthesia, a polyethylene tube (PE10) was implanted into the subcutaneous area of one vibrissa pad, which enabled the injection of IL-1$\beta$ or other chemicals. We subcutaneously injected 50 ${\mu}L$ of IL-1$\beta$ into a vibrissa pad through the implanted polyethylene tube with a 100 ${\mu}L$ Hamilton syringe. After the administration of 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 pg of IL-1$\beta$, withdrawal behavioral responses were examined. The subcutaneous injection of saline had no effects on the air-puff thresholds. Following the subcutaneous injection of 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 pg of IL-1$\beta$, the threshold of air puffs decreased significantly to 12 $\pm$ 3, 7 $\pm$ 2, 5 $\pm$ 1, or 5 $\pm$ 1 psi, respectively, in a dose dependent manner. Pretreatment with L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, blocked IL-1$\beta$-induced mechanical allodynia. However, neither D-NAME, an inactive isomer of L-NAME, nor vehicle affected the IL-1$\beta$-induced mechanical allodynia. Subcutaneous injection of IL-1$\beta$ increased the number of c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons, whereas pretreatment with L-NAME decreased this number, in the trigeminal caudal nucleus. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO are important contributors to the pathogenesis of persistent and exaggerated IL-1$\beta$-induced pain states. Based on these observations, peripheral application of NOS inhibitors may be of therapeutic value in treating pain disorders in the clinic.