• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국현미경학회 1994년도 제25회 학술대회 연제 초록
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• pp.14-14
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• 1994

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.587-599
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• 2017

The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the $CD4^+$ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, $INF-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, and $PGE_2$, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of ginseng administration on T lymphocyte induced local xenogenic graft-versus-host(GVM) reactions which were induced with thymocyte, spleen cell and lymph node cell of ICR mice. Mice received daily 10mg of 70% alcohol ginseng extract oral1y for 100days and control mice remained untreated for the same period of time. The cells from donor mice were injected intradermally into the closely shaven abdominal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats for GVH tests. The thymocyte from control(ginseng-untreated) mice showed a negative local GVH reaction, whereas thymocyte from experimental(ginseng-treated) mice showed a positive reaction with the rate of 17.4%. When spleen cells were injected, the incidence of positive local GVH reaction was 66.7% among ginseng-treated mice, as opposed to incidence of 45.5% of positive local GVH reaction among control mice. The incidence of positive local GVH reaction of the lymph node cells when injected into a recipient was 71.4% among ginseng-treated mice as compared with that of 18.9% among control mice. The relationship between spleen cell inoculum and intensity of the local GVH reaction was assessed in ginseng-untreated mice. The intensity of GVH reaction clearly appears to be dose related. In ginseng-treated mice, a minimum of $1{\times}10^7$ spleen cell was required for production of positive local GVH reaction with almost linear relationship up to an inoculum of $5{\times}10^8$ cells. In control mice, however, a minimum of $1{\times}10^8$ spleen cells was required for positive GVH reaction. These results strongly suggest that the ginseng administration augments significantly the local xenogenic GVH reaction which was used to assess T lymphocyte function and immunocompetence of mice and in addition to this, these results appear to support previous suggestions that the local GVH reaction consitutes a qualitative test of the functional activity of T lymphocytes. These results may be the first to induce local GVH reaction, employing rats as recipient and mice as donor. This study was also desingned to investigate some of the effects of ginseng extract on lymphocyte-macrophage interactions. This was accomplished by in vitro quantification of 1) migratory inhibitory factor(MIF) synthetic capacity of splenic lymphocytes in mice previously primed with ginseng 2) MIF responsiveness of mouse peritoneal macrophages or chicken peripheral leucocytes under the presence of ginseng extract 3) migration ability of chicken peripheral leucocytes by direct stimulation of ginseng extract or ginseng saponin and 4) immunosuppressive effects of immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A or dexamethasone. Mice divided equally into the ginseng and the saline groups, which received intraperitoneally daily 0.2ml of ginseng absolute alcohol-extract(5mg/ml) and same amount of saline for 15 days, respectively. The cellular immune responsiveness of these mice was assayed 15 days after ginseng pretreatment. Splenic lymphocytes of mice treated with ginseng, when stimulated with sensitized specific-antigen such as sheep red blood cells or toxoplasmin, or with polyclonal activator concanavalin A, produced significantly more MIF than those of control saline group. MIF responsiveness of normal mouse macrophages was significantly augmented when assayed under the presence of ginseng extract (1mg/ml). The migratory ability of normal chicken leucocytes in the absence of MIF was significantly decreased by the stimulation of ginseng extract alone. MIF response was significantly decreased by immunosuppressants and this impaired response was not restored by ginseng pretreatment. This study was additionally performed to evaluate the effect of ginseng on the expulsion of adult Trichinella spiralis in mice. ICR mice were infected experimentally by esophageal incubation of 300 T. spiralis infective muscle larvae prepared by acid-pepsin digestion of infected mice. and received oral administration of 70% alcohol ginseng extract(10mg/mouse/day) for the indicated days plus 4 days before infection. At various times after infection, the number of adult T. spiralis worms in small intestines was determined. Interestingly, ginseng-treatment was accompanied by accelerated expulson of T. spiralis. These results led to the conclusion that Panax ginseng caused some enhancing effect on GVH reaction, macrophage migration inhibition reaction and expulsion of T. spiralis. In addition these results suggested that the mechanisms responsible for this enhancement of ginseng may be chiefly or partially due to nonspecific stimulation of cell-mediated immune response.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.279-292
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• 1991

마우스에의 돼지회충(Ascaris strum) 또는 선모충(Trichinella spiralis) 감염이 sRBC에 대한 면역능에 미치는 영향을 조사한 다음 전처치로서 선모충을 감염시키거나 또는 cyclophosphamide를 투여하고 나서 돼지회충란을 경구투여하여 그 감염상태와 소장점막내 비만세포와의 관련성 그 리고 비특이 세포성 및 체액성 면역능을 함께 관찰하였다. 마우스에 1,000개의 돼지회충란을 경구투여한 바 지연형 과민반응과 로제트 형성능은 시일이 경과됨에 따라 점점 감소하기 시작하여 각각 5주, 6주에 최저치에 이른 다음 점점 상승하여 10주에 원상으로 복귀하였으며, 적현구 응집소가 및 용현소가는 점점 상승하여 3주에 최고치에 이른 다음 그 후 정상으로 복귀하였으며, 말초힐액내 호산구 및 소장접막내 비만세포 출현율은 각각 4주 및 2주에 최고치를 보였다. 한편, 유충은 1주후에 폐와 간으로부터 총 21.97%가 누수되었다. 마우스에 300마리의 선모충의 감염유충을 경구투여한 바 지연형 과민반응과 로제트 형성능은 시일이 경과 됨에 따라 점점 낮아져 각각 30일 및 21일에 전저치에 이른 다음 그 후부터 다소 높아지다가 70일 및 80일에 다시 일시적으로 낮아졌다. 그리고, 적현구 응집소가 및 용혈소가도 각각 21일 및 90일 에 다른 기보다 낮았으나, 말초혈액내 호산구 및 소장점막내 비만세포 출현율은 각각 40일째 및 14 일째에 다른 기보다 높았다. Cyclophosphamide를 400 mg/kg의 용량으로 마우스의 복륙 내에 투여한 바 체중이나 비장의 중량, 지연형 과민반응, 로제트 형성능, 적혈구 응집소가 및 용혈소가, 백현구 총수, 소장점막내 비만세포 출현율은 투여 후 1일에 비하여 5일에 현저하게 저하되었다가 10일에 다 시 증가하여 1일과 거의 비슷한 수준으로 복귀하였다. 말포혈액내 호산구 출현율은 시일이 경과함 에 따라 점점 낮아지는 경향이었다. 한편, 마우스의 복강 내에 cyclophosphamide를 투여한 다음 1일, 5일, 10일에 각각 1,000개의 감염성 돼지회충란을 투여하고 난 후 7일의 유충각수률은 1일 7.07%, 5일 14.94%, 10일 10.1%이었으며 대조군은 8.02%이었다 유모충을 마우스에 감작감염시키고 나서 각각 30일 및 70일 간격을 두고 감염성 돼지회충란을 도전감염시킨 바 참작감염후 37일과 도전감염후 7일의 시점에 있어서 지연형 과민반응과 로제트 형성능은 고도로 저하하였는데 반하여 소장점막내 비만세포 출현율은 고도로, 말초혈액내 호산구출현율, 적혈구 응집소가 및 용혈소가는 상당히 증가하였다. 이 시점에 있어서의 유충은 대조가 22.18% 회수되었는데 비하여 9.3%밖에 회수되지 않았다. 한편, 감작감염후 77일과 도전감염후 7일의 시점에 있어서 sRBC에 대한 면역능에 미치는 영향은 전자의 양상과 비슷하였는데 대조에 비하여 지연형 과민반응과 로제트 형성능이 현저하게 저하되었다. 이 시점에 있어서의 유충회수율은 대조가 10.5% 이었는데 비하여 8.3%이었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.209-236
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• 2000

The last two decades witnessed significant advances in the efforts of immune-parasitologists to elucidate the nature and role of the host mucosal defence mechanisms against intestinal nematode parasites. Aided by recent advances in basic immunology and biotechnology with the concomitant development of well defined laboratory models of infection, immunoparasitologists have more precisely analyzed and defined the different immune effector mechanisms during the infection; resulting in great improvement in our current knowledge and understanding of protective immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites. Much of this current understanding comes from experimental studies in laboratory rodents, which have been used as models of livestock and human GI nematode infections. These rodent studies, which have concentrated on Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti/5. venezuelensis. Trichinella spiralis and trichuris muris infections in mice and rats, have helped in defining the types of T cell responses that regulate effector mechanisms and the effector mechanisms responsible for worm expulsion. In addition, these studies bear indications that traditionally accepted mechanisms of resistance such as eosinophilia and IgE responses may not play as important roles in protection as were previously conceived. In this review, we shall, from these rodent studies, attempt an overview of the mucosal and other effector responses against intestinal nematode parasites beginning with the indices of immune protection as a model of the protective immune responses that may occur in animals and man.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

집쥐가 인체 기생충 전파에 어느 정도의 역할을 하는지 그 양상을 밝히고자 전라북도 남원, 익산지역에서 포획한 집쥐의 체내 기생충 감염상을 조사하였다. 섬진강 상류 남원지역에서 32마리, 만경강 중류 익산지역에서 53마리를 채집하여 총 85마리였고, 종별로는 곰쥐(Rattus rattus) 28마리, 시궁쥐(Rattus norvegicus) 57마리였다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 남원, 익산지역의 집쥐 85마리 중 71마리(83.5%)에서 체내 기생충이 검출되었다. 2. 폐장이 회수되었던 집쥐 74마리 중 35마리(47.3%)에서 폐장에 기생하는 조직 기생충인 폐포자충(Pneumocystis carinii)이 검출되었다. 3. 전체 85마리의 가로막에서 선모충(Trichinella spiralis)을 조사하였고, 폐심장 혈관계에서 광동주혈선충(Angiostrongylus cantonensis)을 조사하였으나 한 예도 검출하지 못하였다. 4. 간을 조사한 바 85마리 중 간모세선충(Capillaria hepatica) 22례(25.9%), Taenia taeniaeformis의 유충(Cysticercus fasciolaris) 9례(10.6%), 간흡충(Clonorchis sinensis) 1례(1.2%)가 검출되었다. 5. 장내용물을 조사 한 바 85 마리 중 50례(58.9%)에서 윤충 및 원충이 검출되었다. 윤충은 쥐조충(Hymenolepis diminuta), 극구흡충류(Echinostoma sp.), 쥐요충류(Syphacia sp.), 분신충류(Strongyloides sp.) 등이었고 원충은 대장아메바(Entamoeba coli) 등이었다. 이상의 결과에서 인수공통 질환을 일으킬 수 있는 폐포자충, 쥐조충, 간흡충 등이 집쥐에 감염되어 있어 철저한 집쥐 관리가 요망된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.625-635
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• 2004

Trichnuris suis does not excrete eggs during larval stage as well as in particular adult stage, It is impossible to diagnose by use of fecal examination method in those periods. Therefore, serological diagnostic method can be very useful for those stages. In order to produce monoclonal antibody, specific somatic and secretory-excretory (SE) antigens of T. suis were identified and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cells were cloned, which were made of popliteal lymph node of BALB/c mice immunized with a 45 kDa somatic antigen of T. suis. Five clones (1B9, 2C4, n2C5, 2D7 and 2D8) showing strong responses to T. suis antigens were selected and the isotype identified. All monoclonal antibodies were IgG1 isotype and the light chains were k chain. Established monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically to somatic and SE antigens of T. suis and did not cross-reacted to antigens of ascaris suum, trichuris vulpis, or Trichinella spiralis. The sensitivity of somatic and SE antigens against these monoclonal antibodies were significant (p<0.01) associated with those of positive and negative sera.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1646-1652
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• 2002

Si-Raw is a raw cured meat (raw, cured meat fermented with steamed rice) produced by the aboriginal people of Taiwan. In order to prevent food poisoning or intoxication from botulism, new methods of monitoring the production base on hurdle technology were investigated. New methods investigated incorporated citric acid, sodium hypophosphite, Monascus anka mash, plum paste or lactic acid bacteria inoculum added separately to meat with steamed rice and salt to lower the Aw (water activity) and pH values of the products to control the microbial growth. Results showed that anaerobic bacterial counts, lactic acid bacterial counts and aerobic bacterial counts for the products of all treatments were less than $10^6$, $10^5$ and $10^2cfu/g$, respectively. Sodium chloride content of all products was above 5.46%, water activity was below 0.939 and pH value was below 4.27. IMP was lower and ATP and hypoxanthine were higher. ATP concentrations were higher in the samples which contained the anka mash. Result of sensory panel test indicated that most people preferred the products with added sodium hypophosphite. Except for the fact that the content of tryptamine in the sample with Monascus anka mash was higher, the amine concentrations for all treatments were lower than those of other fermented meat products. The amino acid nitrogen content was higher in the product made from raw meat treated with citric acid, but lower in the other products. Neither Clostridium botulinum nor Trichinella spiralis were detected in any of the treatments. The result may indicate that hurdle technology is effective for hygiene and safe producing Si-Raw.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. A number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. In this review, we described the serine proteases that have been identified in parasitic helminths, including nematodes (Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, Trichuris muris, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris suum, Onchocerca volvulus, O. lienalis, Brugia malayi, Ancylostoma caninum, and Steinernema carpocapsae), cestodes (Spirometra mansoni, Echinococcus granulosus, and Schistocephalus solidus), and trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and Schistosoma mansoni). Moreover, the possible biological functions of these serine proteases in the endogenous biological phenomena of these parasites and in the host-parasite interaction were also discussed.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.275-285
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• 1998

간흡충(Clonorchis sinensis), 폐흡충(Paragonimus westermani), 스팔가눔(sparganum), 뇌낭미충(Cysticercus cellulosae), 아니사키스(Anisakis spp.), 선모충(Trichinella spiralis), 개화충(Toxocara canis)에 대한 IgG항체반응을 ELISA를 이용하여 연변지역주민의 혈청역학적 조사를 시행하고 그 결과를 PC-SAS 시스템으로 통계분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1995년 10월부터 1997년 6월 사이에 수집된 총 975명의 혈청에 대한 검사결과 23.87%에서 한 종류이상의 혈청항체 양상을 나타내였다. 이중 간흡충증은 5.74%, 폐흡충증은 4.92%, 낭미충증은 1.54%, 스팔가눔증은 8.51%, 아니사키스증은 1.85%, 개회충증은 12.51%, 선모충증은 7.08%의 혈청항체 양성률을 나타내었다. 판정된 양성혈청을 통계분석한 결과 간흡충(p<0.01), 혜흡충(p<0.01), 아니사키스(p<0.05), 개회충(p<0.01), 선모충(p<0.01)의 각 연령그룹비교에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었고 스팔가눔증은 성별 사이에 유의한 차이가 보였다(p<0.05). 간흡충과 폐흡충은 50대 연령층에서 높은 양성항체가를 나타내는 반면 개회충과 선모충은 20대에서 높은 항체가를 보여주었다. 또한 내과질병으로 않고 있는 환자혈청은 낭미충증을 제외한 6종류 윤충류에서 정상대조인과 비교하여 볼 때 모두 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05 혹은 p<0.01). 즉 환자가 정상대조인보다 혈청양성률이 훨씬 높았다. 이상의 결과는 물론 선충사이의 교차반응이 있을거라고 추측되며 정확한 진단을 위해서는 EITB를 시행해야 한다고 생각한다. 이번 조사는 중국 연변에서 처음으로 되는 혈청역학조사이며 앞으로 기생충진환 퇴치대책에 아주 중요한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.