• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2014

This study aims to comparison of spatial composition that Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden. Construct background and space structure in both of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is analyzed. The results were as follows. First, Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden of the nobles gardens in late Joseon dynasty. They had the advanced techniques of contemporary based on their political power and wealth, and therefore could built garden and enjoy the garden culture of the upper layer. Furthermore, composition of the Okhojeong garden can be assumed that it is related to construction of the Seokpajeong garden through analysis of the relationship between builders. Secondly, Space structure of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is divided into pavilion unit of small gardens with living space as the center. Construction pavilion in each garden space imbues certain landscape theme. In addition, authorization of characteristics of a place in each area is attempted through boundary establishment and selective garden culture of varied seasonal landscape. Thirdly, In Seokpajeong garden, most of construction characteristics of Okhojeong garden are appeared. This indicates that Seokpajeong garden was affected by space-configuration-technique of Okhojeong garden such as acceptation or modification recreation. Fourth, In many cases, fanciers regarding floriculture are expanded to enthusiasts in late Joseon dynasty. In Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden, herbaceous ornamental is considered to be precious and garden materials such as water tray, stone couch, oddly shaped stone, potted plant, artificial hill, wisteria trellis are diversified at the time.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.502-507
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• 2009

This study was conducted to establish the minimum harvesting time of 'Campbell Early' grape with girdling of 8 years old vines by the investigation of fruit quality. Girdling was performed as 5~7mm width at 1.0m height with a Y-trellis system on July 5th at Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk province. Skin color, soluble solids contents, sugar content, organic acid, and titratable acidity were analyzed every seven days period after the girdling. From 14 days after the girdling, pericarp color changed quickly as compared to the control, and also decreased b value and increased a value of Hunter L were observed. The content of organic acids decreased quickly as 0.85% as compared to the control's one, 1.10%. Sugar-acid ratio increased rapidly from the 21days as 15.1 against 10.8 of the control at harvesting time. After 14days, sugar content was abruptly increased such as fructose and glucose, that is 7days faster than the control. In harvesting time, their contents were high as $64.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ and $61.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ as compared to $56.1mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ and $53.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ of the control respectively. Among the content of organic acids, malic acid decreased quickly than the control's one in coloring time. The content of tartaric acid was obviously lower as $4.13mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ than the control's one, $5.96mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ in harvesting time. From these results, we assume that the harvesting of girdled 'Campbell Early' grape should be started in 42days after the girdling, when sugar-acid ratio is above 15.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.523-530
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• 2011

This study was carried out to understand the characteristic relations fruit changes caused by adjusting the amount of the fruit load in 'Niitaka' and 'Whangkeumbae'. The average fruit weight of 'Niitaka' was 672.0 g and the amount of fruit in the range of 601-750 g was the highest, accounting for 33.8% of the production and as for 'Whangkeumbae', the average fruit weight was 477.5 g and fruit in the range of 401-600 g accounted for 72.5% of total production. The weight of the 'Niitaka' was evenly distributed in each range from below 300 g to over 1 kg and the percent of the regular shaped fruit in 'Whangkeumbae' was high as the distribution range of the fruit weight was narrow. The brix degree and the soluble solid content (SSC)/acidity ratio of 'Niitaka' had a significantly positive correlation with the fruit weight, the length, and the diameter of the fruit. The brix degree also had a positive correlation with weight and diameter of the fruit for 'Whangkeumbae'. As for the difference in fruit quality according to fruit weight for each variety, the brix degree was low in 'Niitaka' that were below 451 g and the fruit firmness was low in fruits weighing under 400 g. There was no difference according to fruit weight in 'Whangkeumbae'. The fruit size was impacted by the fleshy part and the ratio of fleshy part was higher as the fruit size became larger. The weight of the fruit, brix degree, and the SSC/acidity ratio were low while the firmness was high in light thinning treatment for 'Niitaka' and in the case of 'Whangkeumbae', the fruit weight and brix degree were both low in light thinning treatment. The brix degree was higher in bigger sized fruit in all thinning intensity for 'Niitaka', the case in light thinning treatment especially where the quality was poor due to low brix degree in fruits that weighed less than 450 g, on the other hand, there was no difference in the quality due to the fruit weight among the thinning intensity for 'Whangkeumbae'. Therefore, it is possible to produce smaller sized fruits in 'Niitaka' by controlling the thinning intensity, as it is inevitable to result in lower quality fruits, however, it is projected that we can produce small to mid-sized fruits in 'Whangkeumbae' by controlling the thinning intensity without causing the decline in fruit quality.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.591-597
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• 2015

We determined the total C and N stocks in trees and soils after 1 year of fertilization in an experimental orchard with 16-year-old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) trees planted at $5.0m{\times}3.0m$ spacing on a Tatura trellis system. Pear trees were fertilized at the rate of 200 kg N, 130 kg P and $180kg\;K\;ha^{-1}$. At the sampling time (August 2013), trees were uprooted, separated into six fractions [trunk, main branches, lateral branches (including shoots), leaves, fruit, and roots] and analyzed for their total C and N concentrations and dry masses. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 0.6 m in 0.1 m intervals at 0.5 m from the trunk, air-dried, passed through a 2-mm sieve, and analyzed for total C and N concentrations. Undisturbed soil core samples were also taken to determine the bulk density. Dry mass per tree was 5.6 kg for trunk, 12.0 kg f or m ain branches, 15.7 kg for lateral branches, 5.7 kg for leaves, 9.8 kg for fruits, and 10.5 kg for roots. Total amounts of C and N per tree were respectively 2.6 and 0.02 kg for trunk, 5.5 and 0.04 kg for main branches, 7.2 and 0.07 kg for lateral branches, 2.6 and 0.11 kg for leaves, 4.0 and 0.03 kg for fruit, and 4.8 and 0.05 kg for roots. Carbon and N stocks stored in the soil per hectare were 155.7 and 14.0 Mg, respectively, while those contained in pear trees were 17.8 and $0.2Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ based on a tree density of 667 trees/ha. Overall, C and N stocks per hectare stored in the pear orchard were 173.6 and 14.2 Mg, respectively. Compared with results obtained in 2012, the amounts of C stocks have increased by $17.7Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, while those of N stocks remained virtually unchanged ($0.66Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.46-57
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• 2014

This study contemplated the gardening culture from the pictures, which the scholars of late Joseon Dynasty, the aspects of garden landscapes and garden use behaviors are drawn as follows. 1. The yard by the detached house for men and guest in front of the premises(Sarang Madang) and backyard were the major places for Ahoi(social gatherings of the scholars). The mansions had interests in the management of the outer garden beyond the house wall with building structures like the pavilions on the high walls and side gates. This management and the selection of location anticipating in advance of the management are noteworthy. 2. Only house gardens had plant pots with flowers and the small flower bed(Hwa-O) at Sarang Madang occasionally had plant pots without flowers and oddly shaped stone pots and equipped pine branch eaves and traditional awnings made of plant material like a trellis. 3. The oddly shaped stones were significant landscape elements in the gardens of houses and villas. Some of them were depicted as the Taihu stone and this draws attention to the question of whether the Taihu stone was actually used in the garden of late Joseon Dynasty. 4. The gardens in villas accommodated the borrowed scenery with various materials like wooden fences, bamboo or reed fences, mud walls. They also had the artificial gardens with some odd shaped stones, old pines, bamboos, Japanese apricots, willows, paulownia trees, lotuses and plantains in the secured Madangs. 5. Gyeong Hwa Sa Jog(The scholars of the ruling class adapted to the 18th century's new historical aspect) of late Joseon Dynasty built the villas at the beautiful scenery closed to the their houses. 6. The Gardens around pavilions were located high closed to the mountain streams with nature like beautiful forests, oddly formed rocks, precipitous cliffs and viewing stones. The back side of the pavilion was enclosed by bamboo forests and the front had pines, ginkgoes and willows as shade trees. 7. The beautiful scenery which was preferred as the place for Ahoi was basically with fantastic peaks and precipitous cliffs which forms the distant view harmonized with a waterfall. Broad and flat rocks at the summit of a mountain which commands a bird's-eye view or on a mountain streamside with pine forest, willows and plum trees were chosen as the optimal places for Ahoi. 8. Pine trees were presumed to be more preferable than other species in the garden, especially an single planted old pine tree accented symbolism. 9. Portable tea braziers for boiling tea were adopted in all four types of the gardens. 10. The gardens mixed with auspicious landscape elements were the places of the arts for an unworldliness Ahoi through GeumGiSeoHwa(enjoying strings, go, writing and painting) and boiling tea.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.828-832
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• 2013

To report country-specific carbon and nitrogen stocks data in a pear orchard by Tier 3 approach of 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, an experimental pear orchard field of the Pear Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Naju, Korea ($35^{\circ}01^{\prime}27.70N$, $126^{\circ}44^{\prime}53.50^{\prime\prime}E$, 6 m altitude), where 15-year-old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) trees were planted at a $5.0m{\times}3.0m$ spacing on a Tatura trellis system, was chosen to assess the total amount of carbon and nitrogen stocks stored in the trees and orchard soil profiles. At the sampling time (August 2012), three trees were uprooted, and separated into six fractions: trunk, main branches, lateral branches (including shoots), leaves, fruits, and roots. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 0.6 m depth at 0.1 m intervals at 0.5 m from the trunk. Dry mass per tree was 4.7 kg for trunk, 13.3 kg for main branches, 13.9 kg for lateral branches, 3.7 kg for leaves, 6.7 kg for fruits, and 14.1 kg for roots. Amounts of C and N per tree were respectively 2.3 and 0.02 kg for trunk, 6.4 and 0.07 kg for main branches, 6.4 and 0.09 kg for lateral branches, 6.5 and 0.07 kg for roots, 1.7 and 0.07 kg for leaves, and 3.2 and 0.03 kg for fruits. Carbon and nitrogen stocks stored between the soil surface and a depth of 60 cm were 138.29 and $13.31Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively, while those contained in pear trees were 17.66 and $0.23Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ based on a tree density of 667 $trees{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. Overall, carbon and nitrogen stocks per hectare stored in a pear orchard were 155.95 and 13.54 Mg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.86-113
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• 2014

This study has researched the characteristics and elements of Chwibyeong (翠屛), a sort of trellis in the Joseon Dynasty through the old documents, and the original form of Chwibyeong at Juhapru (宙合樓) in Changdeuk Palace. The results were as follow. First, as the result of literatures analysis for Imwon-gyeongje-ji (林園經濟志) and Jeungbo-sallim-gyeongje (增補山林經濟), the plant screen was classified as kinds of support[frame] material, plants and methods of planting. It was found that the supports of Chwibyeong were made of bamboo or the material such as the Jinjangmok (眞長木: a stick of oak) and Giryu (杞柳: Salix purpurea var. japonica). The evergreen coniferous trees including Pinus densiflora, Taxus cuspidata and Thuja orientalis were mainly used for the plant material of Chwibyeong. The general planting method of Chwibyeong was to plant on the ground, but sometimes the container planting was also found on the artificial ground. Second, the term of 'Chwibyeong' in the literatures was used in only the screen made by evergreen trees, and the superordinate category term of it was indicated by 'byeong (屛)'. Therefore Chwibyeong was a compound word formed from 'chwi (翠)' which means the characteristics of evergreen and 'byeong' as tree screen which the support was made by bamboo. And Chwibyeong had semantic context which was combined with the literary symbolization to describe a landscape of green peak and Taoist ideology be inherent from 'twelve peaks of Musan[巫山十二峰]' in Sichuan sheng (四川省). Thirdly, the photograph of Chwibyeong at Juhapru taken by the 1880s, showed that Chwibyeong was made with coniferous trees and was almost 2 meters high. The Chwibyeong at Juhapru was removed during the Japanese colonial era, but a few yew trees(Taxus cuspidata) used for Chwibyeong are still remaining. And some Juniperus chinensis which the composition time is unclear, were cultivated while hung loose its branchs at the sides of Eosumun (魚水門). This Junipers were presumed to be planted by Japanese after Japanese annexation of Korea(1910), and it was judged that both of the roofs of Eosumun's side gates might have been transformed into Japanese style at the same time. Lastly, Chwibyeong at Juhapru was restored in 2008 but it was restored in wrong way from original form without precise research. Especially Chwibyeong was restored with Sasa boreralis which is damaged by frost, so it requires exertion that should revive the originals to plant original material as much as possible. And it needs the development of fabrication technique for Chwibyeong and the application to current landscape architecture.