• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

The objective was to evaluate the effect of fodder tree species (FTS) with condensed tannin contents: Cordia elaeagnoides, Platymiscium lasiocarpum, Vitex mollis, and Haematoxylon brasiletto, on in vitro methane ($CH_4$) production at 24 h post incubation. The analysis was performed using the in vitro gas production technique, with three levels of inclusion/species: 600, 800, and 1,000 mg and with 4 replicates/species/level of inclusion. The substrate was incubated at $39^{\circ}C$, and the gas and $CH_4$ production were recorded at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post incubation. The data collected was analyzed through Pearson correlation, polinomial regression and fixed effects models. There were negative correlations between FTS-total gas volume (r = -0.40; p<0.001); FTS-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = -0.40; p<0.001) and between the inclusion level-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = -0.20; p<0.001). As well as a positive correlation between hours post incubation-total gas volume (r = 0.42; p<0.001) and between hours post incubation-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = 0.48; p<0.001). The FTS: C. elaeagnoides, V. mollis, and H. brasiletto have potential, in the three inclusion levels analyzed, to reduce $CH_4$ emission on in vitro trials (>32.7%), taking into account the total $CH_4$ production at 24 h of the forage used as reference (Avena sativa). It's suggested that C. elaeagnoides-according to its crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and condensed tannins content- is the best alternative within the FTS analyzed, for feeding ruminants and for the control of $CH_4$ emissions during the dry season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 2021

The pattern of the tree's internal swelling depends on many causes. Since it is difficult to detect these various causes of swelling with a general method, if the state of swelling for a long time cannot be confirmed, serious damage to the trees may occur due to enlargement of the swelling area. In the method of acquiring a tree tomography image, an impulse passing through the tree is generated by tapping the sensor with a rubber mallet, and the moving speed is recorded. In this paper, to measure cracks, cavities, and swelling due to physical damage, we developed a 3D viewer that can know the internal state of a tree using a tree cross-section image acquired from Arbotom to determine the degree of swelling inside the tree. Based on this, we tried to present data that can be referred to when surgical operation of trees is required. In order to acquire a tomographic image of a tree, 6 sensors were attached to the three Yangpala and Maple trees, and a 1 m-long tree was measured using the Arbotom program, and a 3D image was implemented through the 3D Viewer created using MATLAB. In addition to simply acquiring images, the cross-sectional length and volume of the tree were measured. In the actually produced 3D Viewer, the length of the part where the swelling of the maple tree occurred was 33.12 cm, and the swelling of the yangpala tree was measured as 21.41 cm. The volume of the maple tree was measured to be 78.832 ㎤. As a result of comparing the cross-sectional image of the Arbotom and the 3D image, the same result as the real aspect of the tree was obtained, so it can be judged that the reliability of the manufactured software is also secured, and data to be applied to the surgical tree operation through the created Viewer is provided. It is believed that the damage will be minimized.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1155-1163
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• 2020

Deep learning approach is emerging as a new way to improve the accuracy of tree species identification using bark image. However, the approach has not been studied enough because it is confronted with the problem of acquiring a large volume of bark image dataset. This study solved this problem by utilizing a pretrained off-the-shelf DCNN model. It compares the discrimination power of bark features extracted by each DCNN model. Then it extracts the features by using a selected DCNN model and feeds them to a multi-layer perceptron (MLP). We found out that the ResNet50 model is effective in extracting bark features and the MLP could be trained well with the features reduced by the principal component analysis. The proposed approach gives accuracy of 99.1% and 98.4% for BarkTex and Trunk12 datasets respectively.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.1_2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

Sort-last parallel rendering using a cluster of GPUs has been widely used as an efficient method for visualizing large- scale volume datasets. The performance of this method is constrained by load balancing when data parallelism is included. In previous works static partitioning could lead to self-balance when only task level parallelism is included. In this paper, we present a load balancing scheme that adapts to the characteristic of volume dataset when data parallelism is also employed. We effectively combine the hierarchical data structures (octree and BSP tree) in order to skip empty regions and distribute workload to corresponding rendering nodes. Moreover, we also exploit a 3D clustering method to determine visibility order and save the AGP bandwidths on each rendering node. Experimental results show that our scheme can achieve significant performance gains compared with traditional static load distribution schemes.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2022

Background: Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a major commercial species, and the importance of the oak trees (Quercus spp.) is increasing due to various factors such as environmental and ecological values. However, more information is required to clearly understand the growth characteristics of these species especially regarding thinning intensity. This study was performed to provide the basic information to develop the silvicultural guideline and field manual by analyzing tree and stand characteristics in line with thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation and oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Results: Diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume changes by the thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation were significantly different from those in the oak-dominated deciduous natural forest. In particular, DBH distribution in the pine stand appeared that there were more large diameter trees as the thinning intensity was higher. DBH periodic annual increment (PAI) of the pine stand was higher as the thinning intensity was stronger and the growth period was shorter. This trend was similarly shown in the natural deciduous forest, but the amount of PAI was smaller than in pine stand. The volume PAI after thinning was not decreased over time. In each stand type, the PAI tended to be lower as stand density was higher. The volume PAI in the pine stand was significantly higher than that in the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Dead trees occurred the most in the unthinned plots of each stand type, and those were higher in the natural deciduous forest. Ingrowth trees were observed only in the natural deciduous forest, and its distribution was the lowest in unthinned plots; Korean white pine as ingrowth occurred the most frequently among many tree species. Conclusions: Different effects of thinning treatment on DBH and volume PAI, mortality, and ingrowth were observed for each stand. With respect to forest growth, Korean white pine plantation was superior to the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. The results of this study offer fundamental information for the development of silvicultural guidelines for Korean white pine plantations and oak-dominated natural deciduous forests in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.622-629
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• 2022

The study aim was to derive a stem taper equation for Phyllostachys pubescens, a type of bamboo in South Korea, and to develop a stem volume table. To derive the stem taper equation, three stem taper models (Max & Burkhart, Kozak, and Lee) were used. Since bamboo stalks are hollow because of its woody characteristics, the outer and inner diameters of the tree were calculated, and connecting them enabled estimating the tree curves. The results of the three equations for estimating the outer and inner diameters led to selection of the Kozak model for determining the optimal stem taper because it had the highest fitness index and lowest error and bias. We used the Kozak model to estimate the diameter of Phyllostachys pubescens by stem height, which proved optimal, and drew the stem curve. After checking the residual degree in the stem taper equation, all residuals were distributed around "0", which proved the suitability of the equation. To calculate the stem volume of Phyllostachys pubescens, a rotating cube was created by rotating the stem curve with the outer diameter at 360°, and the volume was calculated by applying Smalian's method. The volume of Phyllostachys pubescens was calculated by deducting the inner diameter calculated volume from the outer diameter calculated volume. The volume of Phyllostachys pubescens was only 20~30% of the volume of Larix kaempferi, which is a general species. However, considering the current trees/ha of Phyllostachys pubescens and the amount of bamboo shoots generated every year, the individual tree volume was predicted to be small, but the volume/ha was not very different or perhaps more. The significance of this study is the stem taper equation and stem volume table for Phyllostachys pubescens developed for the first time in South Korea. The results are expected to be used as basic data for bamboo trading that is in increasing public and industrial demand and carbon absorption estimation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to propose the change of green area and green structure according to the change of the Floor Area Ratio(FAR) of apartment complex. The survey site was selected two each of apartment complex after due consider three type that is, the FAR below 100％, the FAR below 250％ and the FAR over 250％. Green rate is 40.23～44.23％, green width is 3～15m, green volume is 1.06～1.71㎥／$m^2$, planting density of cannopy layer is 0.04～0.06tree／$m^2$, planting density of understory layer is 0.06～0.20tree／$m^2$ in case of Hwagok 2nd Jugong apartment(FAR 99％) and Gaepo Jugong apartment(FAR 73％) constructed in the 1970～1980. Green rate is 24.16～26.16％, green width is 3～7m, green volume is 0.84～1.54㎥／$m^2$, planting density of cannopy layer is 0.18～0.31tree／$m^2$, planting density of understory layer is 0.15～0.35tree／$m^2$ in case of Deungchon Jugong aparment(FAR 226％) and Gaehwa apartment(FAR240％) construsted in the mid-1990's. Green rate is 23.47～25.53％, green width is 2～6m, green volume is 1.06～2.12㎥／$m^2$, planting density of cannopy layer is 0.25tree／$m^2$, planting density of understory layer is 0.22～0.37tree／$m^2$ in case of Hanbo Guam apartment(FAR 269％) and Donga 3rd apartment(FAR 376％) constructed in the last-1990's. As the results of analysis of green structure according to changes of the Floor Area Ratio(FAR), the greater the FAR, the higher the rate of green area. The green volume and planted density is low without the change of the FAR and planted structure was simple-layer structure composed of alien woody species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

The study was performed to analyze the growth of the red pine (Pinus densiflora) in the Eastern Region of Korea. Stem profile data from a total of 8 dominant trees of which each tree represents its site were collected and used for the analysis. The stem volumes were calculated using Smalian's formula and much higher than the ones by Korea Forest Research Institute in larger than dbh 40 cm. The total bark volumes were more proportionally related to dbh and stem volume than to height and age. The bark thickness and volume decreased as relative height increases but increased as relative dbh increased. The average PAI of dbh and height reached the highest at 0.8 cm/yr (age 15) and at 0.45 m/yr (age 30) respectively, while the average PAI of volume steadily tended to increase up to age 80. The growth percentages of dbh, height and volume tended to decrease with age and volume growth percentage was higher than dbh and height.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine productivity and cost of tree-length harvesting using cable yarding system in a larch (Larix leptolepis) clear-cutting stand located in Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do. We used tree-length harvesting method using cable yarding system with a tower yarder HAM300. The productivity was $17.6m^3/hr$ for felling, $12.4m^3/hr$ for delimbing, $4.2m^3/hr$ for yarding, and $8.1m^3/hr$ for processing. The total cost of the harvesting system was $48,381won/m^3$, which was majorly composed of yarding operation cost, at $40,169won/m^3$ (79.3%), while felling had the lowest cost at $1,154won/m^3$ (4.1%). Major factors affecting felling and processing productivity was tree volume and the number and thickness of branches for delimbing productivity. In addition, we suggest that training and education for machine operators were critical to improve yarding productivity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1983

Number of 1-year-old cone in Pinus koraiensis was influenced by the factors consisting of the tree form. Number of cones increased with increasing DBH, diameter, volume of crown and number of forked stems. However, tree height, crown length, and the ratio of crown diameter to crown length showed no significant relations with number of cones.