• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.258-268
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• 2011

본 연구는 낙엽송과 백합나무 톱밥을 이용한 펠릿의 제조 과정에서 톱밥의 크기 및 함수율, 펠릿제조 온도 및 성형시간이 펠릿의 내구성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 수종별 내구성의 비교에서 낙엽송 펠릿의 내구성이 백합나무 펠릿보다 높았으며, 낙엽송 펠릿의 경우 18 mesh (1.00 mm) 이상 크기의 톱밥으로 제조한 펠릿이 8~18 mesh (1.00~2.38 mm)의 톱밥으로 제조한 펠릿보다 내구성이 높았다. 펠릿제조 온도를 높이고 펠릿 성형시간을 연장함에 따라 펠릿의 내구성은 증가하였으며, 톱밥의 함수율이 올라감에 따라 펠릿의 내구성은 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 본 연구에서 제조된 낙엽송 및 백합나무 펠릿은 대조구로 사용된 산림조합 및 일도에서 제조한 목재 펠릿보다 내구성은 낮았으나, 대부분의 낙엽송 펠릿은 국립산림과학원에서 고시한 목재펠릿의 내구성 1등급 기준(97.5%)을 만족하였으며, 백합나무 펠릿은 3등급 기준(95%)을 모두 상회하였다. 전자현미경을 이용한 펠릿의 관찰에서 펠릿제조 온도를 높이고 펠릿 성형시간을 연장함에 따라 펠릿내에서 톱밥 간의 거리가 감소하고, 특히 $180^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 3분의 성형시간으로 제조한 펠릿의 경우 대조구 시편과 크게 차이가 없는 것을 육안으로 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1999

결정 트리 기반 상태 공유 방법은 HMM을 사용하는 많은 연속 음성 인식 시스템에서 강인하고 정확한 문맥 종속 음향 모델링 뿐만 아니라 훈련 중에는 나타나지 않은 모델들의 합성을 위하여 널리 사용되고 있다. 음성 결정 트리를 구성하기 위한 표준적인 방법은 단일 가우시안 트라이폰 모델을 이용한 1계층 프루닝 만을 사용하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 더욱 정교한 음향 모델링을 통하여 인식 성능 향상을 도모하기 위하여 새로운 2가지 접근 방법 즉, 2계층 결정 트리와 복수 혼합 결정 트리를 제안한다. 2계층 결정 트리는 상태 공유와 혼합 가중치 공유를 위하여 2계층 프루닝을 수행하며, 두 번째 계층을 사용하여 공유 상태들도 음성 문맥의 유사도에 따라서 서로 다른 가중치들을 사용할 수 있다. 두 번째 제안된 방법 에서는 훈련 과정 즉, 혼합 분할 및 재추정 과정과 함께 음성 결정 트리가 계속 갱신되어 진다. 복수 혼합 결정 트리를 구성하기 위하여 단일 가우시안 뿐만 아니라 복수 혼합 가우시안 모델이 함께 사용된다. 제안된 방법들을 이용하여 BN-96과 WSJ5k 데이터를 사용한 연속 음성 인식 실험을 수행한 결과, 표준 결정 트리를 사용한 시스템과 비교하여 공유 상태의 개수를 비슷하게 유지하면서 단어 오인식률을 줄일 수 있었다.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1998년도 제15회 음성통신 및 신호처리 워크샵(KSCSP 98 15권1호)
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• pp.74-77
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• 1998

우리는 C++를 이용하여 음성인식기를 구현하여 기존의 C를 이용한 경우에 비하여 30% 수준의 소스로 표현하였고 인식기의 공동개발, 확장 및 개선, 기술 전수 등이 용이하게 되었으며 이를 음성인식 엔진 및 음성인식 연구를 위한 툴로 사용할 수 있게 되었다. 이 인식기의 특징으로는 연속 음성 및 대화체 음성을 인식할 수 있으며 trigram 언어 모델을 사용하였고 문맥 종속 음소 모델링에서는 기존의 triphone 보다 넓은 문맥을 고려한 n-phone context modeling을 사용하였으며 모델의 선정에는 음성학적 지식을 기반으로 한 질문을 사용한 decision tree를 사용하여 훈련에 나타나지 않은 단어나 문맥인 경우라도 가장 가까운 모델을 선정할 수 있게 하였다. 또, tree lexicon을 사용하여 속도를 개선하였으며 state 단위의 모델 공유를 통해 제한된 데이터를 이용하여 더 많은 모델을 훈련할 수 있어 성능을 개선하였다. 상용화를 염두에 두고 pc에서 구현하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.845-857
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• 2003

We explore the use of genetic programming to evolve decision trees directly for classification problems with both discrete and continuous predictors. We demonstrate that the derived hypotheses of standard algorithms can substantially deviated from the optimum. This deviation is partly due to their top-down style procedures. The performance of the system is measured on a set of real and simulated data sets and compared with the performance of well-known algorithms like CHAID, CART, C5.0, and QUEST. Proposed algorithm seems to be effective in handling problems caused by top-down style procedures of existing algorithms.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표대회 요약집
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• pp.201-201
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• 2003

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.5309-5314
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer amongst women throughout the world. Currently, there are various follow-up strategies implemented in Iran, which are usually dependent on clinic policies and agreement among the resident oncologists. Purpose: A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to assess the cost-effectiveness of intensive follow-up versus standard models for early breast cancer patients in Iran. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was performed with 382 patients each in the intensive and standard groups. Costs were identified and measured from a payer perspective, including direct medical outlay. To assess the effectiveness of the two follow-up models we used a decision tree along with indicators of detection of recurrence and metastasis, calculating expected costs and effectiveness for both cases; in addition, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were determined. Results: The results of decision tree showed expected case detection rates of 0.137 and 0.018 and expected costs of US$24,494.62 and US$6,859.27, respectively, for the intensive and standard follow-up models. Tornado diagrams revealed the highest sensitivity to cost increases using the intensive follow-up model with an ICER=US$148,196.2. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that the intensive follow-up method is not cost-effective when compared to the standard model.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2005

Pollen has been used for prevention or treatment of certain diseases such as diabetes arthritis or cancer in traditional medicine. Among various pollens, pine tree pollen is known to relieve hypertension, suppress fatty liver progression, and facilitate the digestion, but its immunological activities are less known. To evaluate immunological reactivities and immunotoxicities of pine tree pollen, BALB/c mice were administered to the poller through oral route. Pine tree pollen suspended in distilled water or extracted with methanol has been administered at the concentration of 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg five days per week for four weeks. Polyclonal activation of splenic T cells with phytohemagglutinins did not induce a significant difference in IL-4 and $IFN_{\gamma}$ production between the pollen-administered mice groups and the control mice. Furthermore, polyclonal activation of splenic B cells with lipopolysaccharides did not result a significant difference in IgG1 and IgG2a production among the groups. These findings imply that the intake of pine tree pollen does not bring any humoral and cellular immune-dysrequlation. Whereas, viability of Listeria monocytogenes was suppressed in the mice administered with 100 mg/kg bw methanol extract, indicating the potential ability of pine tree pollen to enhance cell-mediated immunity mediated by type-1 helper T cells. In addition, aberrant upregulation of plasma IgG1 level was observed in the pollen-administered mice, which suggests a possibility of allergic response induction through the pine tree pollen uptake. Overall, pine tree pollen-mediated modulation of humoral or cellular immunity is worthy of further systematic investigation.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제48권11호
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• pp.945-955
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• 2015

The technology of the SWG (Smart Water Grid) as one of most important national projects results in significant assignment that is closely associated with systematic management and effective operation. The individual component technics are required to establish directory and classification for the purpose of effectively managing their information related to research and development (R&D). The national science technology (S&T) standard classification tree which results in the representative example has been established with an intention to manage R&D information, human resource, and budget. It has been also revised every five years and then used in the various fields related to the evaluation, administration, and prediction of the national R&D projects. In addition, the standard classification system for R&D projects has been widely used in the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and EU (European Union) since the Frascati Manual was established in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Therefore, it is necessary for SWG techniques to develop the standard S&T classification tree for research management and evaluation. For this, it is essential to draw the core techniques for the SWG, which are incorporated with IT (Information Technology), NT (Nano Technology), and BT (Biology Technology).

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2002

Most commercial CAD systems provide parametric modeling functions, and by using these capabilities designers can edit a CAD model in order to create design variants. It is necessary to transfer parametric information during a CAD model exchange to modify the model inside the receiving system. However, it is not possible to exchange parametric information of CAD models based on the cur-rent version of STEP. The designer intents which are contained in the parametric information can be lost during the STEP transfer of CAD models. This paper introduces a hybrid CAB model translator, which also uses the feature tree of commercial CAD systems in addition to the macro file to allow transfer of parametric information. The macro-parametric approach is to exchange CAD models by using the macro file, which contains the history of user commands. To exchange CAD models using the macro-parametric approach, the modeling commands of several commercial CAD systems are analyzed. Those commands are classified and a set of standard modeling commands has been defined. As a neutral fie format, a set of standard modeling commands has been defined. Mapping relations between the standard modeling commands set and the native modeling commands set of commercial CAD systems are defined. The scope of the current version is limited to parts modeling and assemblies are excluded.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.93-103
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• 2000

This research is to propose a rational criterion of the selection and the management f the roadside trees, and to establish the planting design and system with the objective of improving the roadside environment. All of the roadside trees in each objective courses in Kangnung, and the soil disposition, hardness of the soil in the planting areas have been investigated. Also, we have surveyed the kinds of the trees which kandgnung inhabitants want. The conclusion is as follows Most of roadsides have trees, but they need the introduction of shrubs or ground covering plants according to the locations and the environmental conditions. We have selected nineteen species in regard to the roadside tree criterion and the growing conditions living in Kangnung. It is desirable that we make banding style planting space between each roadside tree to improve the low ratio of green coverage. We have found out that Ligustrum obtusifolium, Buxus micropnylla, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Phyllostachys nigro and Rosa rugosa, ect. are suitable. In order to soften and weaken the rigidity of the hard substances on a paved roadside, the climbers such as the perennial herbaceous flowering and hedera rhombea should be preferred rather than annual herbaceous flowering because of curtailment of expenditure. To posses a systematical greenery frame in kangnung, we have planned a planting design system that would expand the greenery space every year. Moreover, we have to make a plan to overcome space restrictions. We have established a flexible plan considering the roadside conditions and the improved standard planting methods with an ultimate aim to create a special roadside view.