• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.924-932
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• 2013

This study investigated the antioxidant activities of processed Deoduck (Codonopsis lanceolata) extracts treated through high-pressure extraction and steaming with fermentation. The antioxidant activities were determined for DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also measured. Among eight Deoduck extracts, the S5FDW extract had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content, 73.9 mg GAE/g and 50.9 mg QUE/g, respectively. The S5FDW extract had the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity (27%) at a 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The ABTS radical-scavenging activity was highest for S5FDW extract (82.1%) at a 10 mg/mL concentration. The HFDE extract showed the highest SOD-like activity (29.7%) at a 1.0 mg/mL concentration. FRAP was highest in S5FDW extract (140.8 ${\mu}M$) at a 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The DE extract showed the highest $Fe^{2+}$ chelating (46%) at a 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The phenolic and flavonoid contents significantly correlated with the antioxidant activity of several processed Deoduck extracts and was higher in the processed Deoduck extracts compared to the raw Deoduck extracts. Therefore, processing techniques can be useful methods for making Deoduck a more potent and natural antioxidant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2000

In order to understand the chemical binding forms of Cd in terms of its binding strength in wood, the radial distribution of it through dendroanalysis and its different chemical fractions in trunk wood of mature red pine(Pinus densiflora L.) trees grown in a relatively unpolluted area, in Kangwon-Province, were examined. Total Cd concentration in stem wood was determined by dry digestion and $H_2O$ and 0.01 M solutions of citric acid, malic acid, $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$, $Na_2EDTA$ were used as extracting solutions for Cd. Extracting efficiencies of applied solutions were expressed as % of Cd concentration extracted by $Na_2EDTA$ which extracted all Cd instead of Cd total concentration. Total concentration of Cd decreased from the innermost rings near pith towards the the outermost rings near cambium. Especially through the transition zone this tendency was observed clearly. $H_2O$ was the least effective extractant of Cd, then extracting efficiency increased in the order $MgCl_2$ < $CaCl_2$ $Na_2EDTA$ (extracted all Cd). According to the radial position, extracting efficiency of Cd was ranging from 7 to 30% by $H_2O$ and even from 60 to 95% by citric acid. The Cd extracting efficiencies of $H_2O$ and organic acids increased continuously from the stem center to outermost annual rings, whereas salts showed somewhat different tendency, suddenly decreasing near the outermost ring. The results are discussed with regard to the different chemical binding forms of Cd and the mobility of Cd in wood and comparable with ones in previous studies on Pinus sylvestris and Quercus patraea. According to the results, usefulness of radial distribution pattern of Cd in pine tree trunks for retrosective biomonitoring is questioned.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.2
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• pp.217-232
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• 2021

This study calculated the productivity and cost of extraction and processing of logging residues by cut-to-length (CTL) and whole-tree (WT) harvesting methods. In addition, the comparative analysis of the characteristics of wood chip fuel to examine whether it was suitable for the fuel conditions of the energy facility. In the harvesting and processing system to produce the wood chips of logging residues the system productivity and cost of the CTL harvesting system were 1.6 Gwt/SMH and 89,865 won/Gwt, respectively. The productivity and cost of the WT harvesting system were 2.9 Gwt/SMH and 72,974 won/Gwt, respectively. The WT harvesting productivity increased 1.3times while harvesting cost decreased by 18.7% compared to the CTL harvesting system. The logging residues of wood chips were not suitable for CTL wood chips based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO 17225-4:2021) and South Korea standard (NIFoS, 2020), but the quality (A2, Second class) was improved through screening operation. The WT-unscreened wood chips conformed to NIFoS standard (second class) and did not conform to ISO but were improved through screening operation (Second class). In addition to the energy facility in plant A, all wood chips except CTL-unscreened wood chips were available through drying processing. The WT-unscreened wood chips were the lowest at 99,408 won/Gwt. Plants B, C, and D had higher moisture content than plant A, so WT-unscreened wood chips without drying processing were the lowest at 57,204 won/Gwt. Therefore, the production of logging residues should improve with operation methods that improve the quality of wood chips required for applying the variable biomass and energy facility.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.1
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• pp.40-56
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• 2023

Tree species within the Populus genus grow rapidly and have an excellent capacity to absorb carbon, conferring substantial ability to effective purify the environment. Poplar breeding can be achieved rapidly and efficiently if a genetic linkage map is constructed and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are identified. Here, a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed for the control pollinated progeny using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technique, which is a next-generation sequencing method. A search was also performed for the genes associated with quantitative traits located in the genetic linkage map by examining the variables of height and diameter at root collar, and resilience to insect damage. The height and diameter at root collar were measured directly, while the ability to recover from insect damage was scored in a 4-year-old breeding population of aspen hybrids (Odae19 × Bonghyeon4 F1) established in the research forest of Seoul National University. After DNA extraction, paternity was confirmed using five microsatellite markers, and only the individuals for which paternity was confirmed were used for the analysis. The DNA was cut using restriction enzymes and the obtained DNA fragments were prepared using a GBS library and sequenced. The analyzed results were sorted using Populus trichocarpa as a reference genome. Overall, 58,040 aligned single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified, 17,755 of which were used for mapping genetic linkages. The genetic linkage map was divided into 19 linkage groups, with a total length of 2,129.54 cM. The analysis failed to identify any growth-related QTLs, but a gene assumed to be related to recovery from insect damage was identified on linkage group (chromosome) 4 through genome-wide association study.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.3-30
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• 1979

Larch ($\underline{Larix}$ $\underline{leptolepis}$ GORDON), one of the major afforestation species in Korea in view of its growing stock and rate of growth, is not favored as a raw material for pulp due to its low yield of pulp and difficulties with bleaching arising from the high content of extractives in wood, and the high heartwood ratio and the active phenolics, respectively. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of firstly pulping with various additives of cellulose protector for the yield of pulp, and secondly bleaching with oxygen for chlotination-alkali extraction of five stage-sequence to reduce chlorine compounds in bleaching effluents. The kraft cooking liquor for five age groups of larchwood was 18 percent active alkali with 25 percent sulfidity and 5 : 1 liquor-to-wood ratio, and each soda liquor for sap-and heart-wood of the 15-year-old larchwood was 18 percent alkali having one of the following cellulose protectors as the additive; magnesium sulfate ($MgSO_4$, 2.5%), zinc sulfate ($ZnSO_4$, 2.5%), aluminium sulfate ($Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 2.5%), potasium iodide (KI, 2.5%), hydroquinone (HQ, 2.5%), anthraquinone (AQ, 0.1%) and ethylene diamine (EDA, 2.5%). Then each anthraquinone-soda liquor for the determination of suitable cooking condition was the active alkali level of 15, 17 and 19 percent with 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 percent anthraquinone, respectively. The cooking procedure for the pulps was scheduled to heat to 170$^{\circ}C$ in 90 minutes and to cook 90 minutes at the maximum temperature. The anthraquinone-soda pulps from both heartwood and sapwood of 15-year-old larchwood prepared with 0.5 percent anthraquinone and 18 percent active alkali were bleached in a four-stage sequency of OCED. (O: oxygen bleaching, D: chlorine dioxide bleaching and E: alkali extraction). In the first stage oxygen in atmospheric pressure was applied to a 30 percent consistency of pulp with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide (MgO) and 3, 6, and 9 percent sodium hydroxide on oven dry base, and the bleached results were compared pulps bleached under the conventional CEDED (C: chlorination). The results in the study were summarized as follows: 1. The screened yield of larch kraft pulp did not differ from particular ages to age group, but heartwood ratio, basic density, fiber length and water-extractives contents of wood and the tear factor of the pulp increased with increasing the tree age. The total yield of the pulp decreased. 2. The yield of soda pulp with various chemicals for cellulose protection of the 15-year-old larchwood increased slightly more than that of pure soda pulp and was slightly lower than that of kraft pulp. The influence of cellulose protectors was similar to the yield of pulps from both sapwood and heartwood. The effective protectors among seven additives were KI, $MgSO_4$ and AQ, for which the yields of screened pulp was as high as that of kraft pulp. Considering the additive level of protector, the AQ was the most effective in improving the yield and the quality of pulp. 3. When the amount of AQ increased in soda cooking, the yield and the quality of the pulp increased but rejects in total yield increased with decreasing the amount of active alkali from 19 to 15 percent. The best proportion of the AQ seemed to be 0.5 percent at 17 percent active alkali in anthraquinone-soda pulping. 4. On the bleaching of the AQ-soda pulp at 30 percent consistency with oxygen of atomospheric pressure in the first stage of the ODED sequence, the more caustic soda added, the brighter bleached pulp was obtained, but more lignin-selective bleaching reagent in proportion to the oxygen was necessary to maintain the increased yield with the addition of anthraquinone. 5. In conclusion, the suitable pulping condition for larchwood to improve the yield and quality of the chemical pulp to the level for kraft pulp from conventional process seemed to be. A) the selection of young larchwood to prevent decreasing in yield and quality due to the accumulation extractives in old wood, B) the application of 0.5 percent anthraquinone to the conventional soda cooking of 18 percent active alkali, and followed, C) the bleaching of oxygen in atmospheric pressure on high consistency (30%) with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide in the first stage of the ODED sequence to reduce the content of chlorine compounds in effluent.