• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2021

Objectives This study is aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of treatment of Korean Medicine for whiplash associated disorders (WAD) and to suggest the direction of future research. Methods We searched papers in Pubmed database to use some keywords indicating whiplash injury syndrome, treatment of Korean Medicine and cost-effectiveness. After searching, appropriate papers were selected depending on the exclusion criteria. The selected papers were analyzed in the sections of author, publication year, intervention and control groups, outcome measurement, the list including in the cost, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and study design. Results Four studies about effect of Korean medicine and 3 studies about economic evaluation were finally included. Acupuncture was effective for balance disorder and neck pain. Economic evaluation studies used analytical decision model or cost-consequence analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis using visual analog scale and cost-utility analysis using quality adjusted life years were performed. Initiating timing of proper management affected the consequence of treatments. Direct and indirect medical costs including supportive devices, and non-medical costs such as litigation were considered. Conclusions We conclude that studies haven't been conducted so far to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Korean Medicine in whiplash injury syndrome. Thus, future studies are needed in this section.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.2D
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• pp.285-293
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• 2011

Sewage treatment facilities are growing rapidly in quantitatively and qualitatively. However, privatization such as up-size and professionalism, etc. are insufficient, compared to global companies' cases. Infrastructure Asset management has not been applied widely despite of sewage treatment facilities are one of the most critical social infrastructure. Maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation (R&R) practices of sewage treatment facilities have been studied and infrastructures asset management techniques have been applied. Cost model which makes it possible to calculate managerial costs such as major cost, etc. needs to be developed only with project basic information when proceeding new sewage treatment facility construction and management and overseas sewage project. Effects to converse major repair cost into capital, application of sewage treatment facility's asset management, expected effects, etc. were analyzed and suggested an alternative on the improvements of legal system.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2022

The government introduced a waste disposal share system to reduce the annual increase in construction waste and to increase the recycling rate. As a result, the cost of waste treatment by public institutions is growing inevitably, causing disagreements and disputes between the public owner and the construction waste treatment company. They are also arguing for an increase in construction waste disposal costs. Therefore, in this study, an on-site survey was conducted to identify the current construction waste management problems and to find improvements. The survey was conducted for supervisors of public institutions, construction companies, and those related to waste treatment companies. The survey results were analyzed by dividing the construction waste management, regulations, treatment cost, and treatment method. The results of this study were used as primary data for changes in the construction waste guidelines and waste treatment costs of public institutions.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

The water treatment by electrochemical method was performed to increase the yield of production. Continuous plug flow reactor was operated to treat poultry and domestic wastewaters. Experimental results were compared with experimental results of the wastewater treatment by chemical coagulation, they were increased over 10% in the removal efficiency of COD and the production rate of sludge was reduced by 30%. Ozone utilized to degrade or change the organic chemical structures, which removal efficiency increased to 20% in the electro-coagulation reactor. Economic evaluation was performed to estimate total cost of electro-coagulation reactor in comparison with that of chemical coagulation method. The total cost to treat 1000 ton/day of domestic wastewater was reduced by 50%.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.363-374
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• 2020

Membrane distillation (MD) is a process used for water desalination. However, its commercialization is still hindered by its increased specific cost of production. In this work, several process configurations comprising Direct Contact and Permeate Gap distillation membrane units (PGMD/DCMD) were investigated to maximize the production rate and consequently reduce the specific water cost. The analysis was based on a cost model and an experimentally validated MD model. It was revealed that the best achievable water cost was approximately 5.1 $/㎥ with a production rate of 8000 ㎥/y. This cost can be further decreased to approximately 2 $/㎥ only if the heating and cooling energies are free of cost. Therefore, it is necessary to decrease the MD capital investment to produce pure water at economical prices.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 1990

Adapting two step aeration system to a waste water treatment of W-paper manufactory as Full-Scale Plants, we drew a following conclusion from its practical working. 1. Because BOD removal efficiency was 20% in A-Stage, 90% in B-Stage and total removal efficiency was 97%. It worked treatment plant well and was suitable for effluent water standard as well. Because COD removal efficiency was 42% in A-stage, 71% in B-stage and the total removal efficiency was 94% COD control was possible in effluent water quality. 2. Treatment efficiency according to a load capacity was average 20% in 1.401 BOD kg/m3/d load of A-Stage and average 90% in 0.273 BOD kg/$\textrm {m}^3$ / d load of B-Stage. 3. Treatment efficiency according to a ratio of F/M was 2.657--5.024 kg BOD/kg MLSS/d in A-Stage and BOD removal efficiency was 16-261 in the same stage. The ratio of F/M was 0.068-0.094 kg BOD /kg MLSS/d and BOD removal efficiency ratio was 85-94%. Therefore treatment efficiency could be kept stably and volume of aeration tank could be reduced wholly. 4. Treatment efficiency according to MLSS appeared BOD 20%. COD 42%, in A-Stage and removal efficiency appeared BOD 90%, COD 71% in B-Stage. They were suitable for plan condition. 5. Because of working of complemented treatment plant by AB-Process. 20,000,000 Won a month was saved than the ordinary working cost. Therefore, it was assumed that invested cost could be recollected in 19 months or so consequently.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2013

This Study includes the information of integrated discussion and economies of scale on local governments' sewerage treatment plant through translog function based on the reality reports of sewerage treatment plant operation published by Ministry of Environment and sewerage statistics data from 2005 to 2010. Based on analysis results from the data of 35 local governments in Jeollanamdo and Jeollabukdo, which are selected as pilot project areas of sewerage facility integration by Ministry of Environment and have low percent of sewered population, it shows the existence of economies of scale. The economies of scale on sewerage treatment show the loss of approximately 22,211 thousand ton/day in sewage treatment, it is 1.7 times compared to the average treatment amount of 35 local governments as of 2010. It means the economies of scale can be achieved by lowering operation cost along with large scale integration in installation, operation and maintenance due to the features of sewerage industry as one of network industry.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.59-62
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• 2017

In this paper, atmospheric pressure plasma treatment was proposed for high performance indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistor (IGZO TFT). RF Ar plasma treatment is performed at room temperature under atmospheric pressure as a simple and cost effective channel surface treatment method. The experimental results show that field effect mobility can be enhanced by $2.51cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ from $1.69cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ to $4.20cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ compared with a conventional device without plasma treatment. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the increase of oxygen vacancies and decrease of metal-oxide bonding are observed, which suggests that the suggested atmospheric Ar plasma treatment is a cost-effective useful process method to control the IGZO TFT performance.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.2 s.53
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• pp.347-357
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• 1996

Although occupational low back pain accounts for $20\sim40%$ of all occupational illness and injury, there are limited numbers of studies regarding the effectiveness of back school program. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic benefit of back school program for early return to work of occupational low back pain patients in the current occupational injury compensation and management system. The cost-benefit analysis in this study was conducted to evaluate the relative magnitude of benefit to cost. The total cost was estimated by calculating the value of components in back school program according to governmental budget protocol. The back school program was consisted of three major approaches, pain center, work-hardening program and funcional restoration program and each of components had various facilities and experts. The total amount of cost was estimated as 250,866,220 won per year. The most promising type of back school program were quite intensive (a 3 to 5-week stay in a specialized center), therefore, if we adopted the 5-week stay course, 10 courses could be held in a year. Following to the medical act, 20 patients per doctor could participate in a each course, ie, total 200 patients in a year. As a result, we could estimate the cost of 1,254,331 won a patient. We estimated the benefit by using data of a few local labor offices about average medical treatment beneficiary and off-duty beneficiary of 46 occupational low back pain patients in 1994. Ullman and Larsson (1977) mentioned that the group of chronic low back pain patients who participated in back school program needed less time to recover by 48.4% of beneficiary duration. And in the trying to estimate the benefit, we asked 10 rehabilitation board certificate doctors about reduction proportion of treatment cost by introducing back school program. The answered reduction proportions were in the range of $30\sim45%$, average 39%. As a final result, we could see that the introduction of back school program in treatment of chronic occupational low back pain patients could produce the benefit to cost ratio as 3.90 and 6.28. And we could conclude that the introduction of back school program was beneficial to current occupational injury compensation and management system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.330-336
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• 2012

We surveyed and evaluated quantities and distribution characteristics of debris on the sea floor around active fishing grounds around the islands in the southwest coast of Korea in 2007 where the average depth is below 40m. Proper recovery gears mainly to haul the derelict fishing gears are selected considering the sea bed types of the areas. The collected debris amounts were used to estimate the total amount of the surveyed area. The number of hauls per trial times the amount of the debris was extended to whole sampling area and the weighting factor from the opinion was applied to reach the total amount of marine debris on the floor. The amount of the deposited marine debris around Wangdeung-do area is estimated as about 686 $kg/km^2$, and the cost of the collection and treatment for the deposited marine debris is estimated about 3.9 billion KRW after consideration of the proper size of the working ships, labor, transport and treatment cost.