• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2022

Recently, several in vitro studies have reported antiviral activity of agents of systemic acquired resistance against plant virus infection, but the approach has not been applied in a wide range of agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), chitosan (CH), or eugenol (EG) in tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection of greenhouse-grown tomato plants. In vitro, the initial time of symptom was observed in TYLCV-infected plants (VP) of the resistant cultivar 'Superdotaerang' at 12 days post inoculation (dpi) after application of antiviral agents. At 32 dpi, the disease rate of TYLCV in the CHT+VP (0.1% chitosan and virus infected control) treated plants was 87.5%, lower than that of the other treatment. However, the virus content in the CHT+VP treated plants was higher than those of the other treatments, and SA, EG, and CH did not show significant effect on plant height or shoot and root fresh weight. Our results from summer-cultivated greenhouse-grown tomatoes show that none of the tested agents had an inhibitory activity on viral infection or yield of tomato 'Dotaerangsola'cultivar. In contrast, all treated 'TY Giants' cultivars that possessed TYLCV resistance genes Ty-1 and Ty-3a did not show typical symptoms and the virus content was remarkably lower than those in the TYLCV treated plants in 'Superdotaerang'. The results of this research indicated that the planting of resistant tomato cultivars was effective method instead of using SA, EG, and CH (known as resistance-inducing factors for control) of TYLCV in the field.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.337-346
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hot water (AMPW) and 70% ethanol (AMPE) extracts of apple mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel. The antioxidant activities were measured using a total polyphenol, electron-donating, 2,2'-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The total polyphenol content of AMPW and AMPE was 66.08 ± 0.62 mg TAE/100 g and 100.13 ± 0.23 mg TAE/100 g, respectively. As a result of measuring the electrondonating ability, at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/ml, AMPW and AMPE showed an effectiveness of 86% and 94%, respectively. The ABTS assay showed 80% and 98% respective radical scavenging activity for AMPW and AMPE, at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/ml. The cell viability on macrophage cells was performed using a 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, and the results showed more than 90% cell viability at a 100 ㎍/ml concentration. Anti-inflammatory activity was verified by confirming nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and mRNA expression inhibitory activity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The NO production inhibitory effects were measured using the Griess assay, which confirmed 45% and 40% inhibition after treatment with AMPW and AMPE, respectively. Moreover, the protein and mRNA expression of inflammatory-related factors iNOS and COX-2, decreased in a concentrationdependent manner. In conclusion, this study showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. peel and revealed its promising potential for application as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.158-168
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• 2023

Natural products have been used to mitigate the effects of cancer and infectious diseases, as they feature diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Here, we chose 10 natural products that are well-known as pulmonary enhancers and investigated their bactericidal effects on Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the disk diffusion assay, the growth of S. pneumoniae was significantly regulated by G. fructus treatment regardless of extraction method used. We first adopted spraying as a novel delivery method for G. fructus. Interestingly, mice exposed to G. fructus three times a day for 2 weeks were resistant to S. pneumoniae intranasal infection (shown both through body weight loss and survival rates compared to the control group). Moreover, we confirmed that exposure to G. fructus regulated the colonization of the bacteria despite the sustained inflammation in the lung after exposure to S. pneumoniae, indicating that migrated inflammatory immune cells may involve a host defense mechanism against pulmonary infectious diseases. While a similar number of granulocytes (CD11b⁺Ly6C⁺Ly6G⁺), neutrophils (CD11b⁺Ly6C^intLy6G⁺), and monocytes (CD11b⁺Ly6C^intLy6G^-) were found between groups, a significantly increased number of alveolar macrophages (CD11b⁺CD11c^hiF4/80⁺) was detected in BAL fluids of mice pre-exposed to G. fructus at 5 days after S. pneumonia infection. Taken together, our data suggest that this usage of G. fructus can induce protective immunity against bacterial infection, indicating that facial spray may be helpful in enhancing the defense mechanism against pulmonary inflammation and in evaluating the efficacy of natural products as immune enhancers against respiratory diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2019

Purpose: To investigate the radiological efficacy of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) augmentation of pedicle screw operation in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty OVCF patients, who underwent only posterior fusion using pedicle screws with PMMA augmentation, were included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 15.6 months. The demographic data, bone mineral density (BMD), fusion segments, number of pedicle screws, and amount of PMMA were reviewed as medical records. To analyze the radiological outcomes, the radiologic parameters were measured as the time serial follow-up (preoperation, immediately postoperation, postoperation 6 weeks, 3, 6 months, and 1 year follow-up). Results: A total of 20 patients were examined (16 females [80.0%]; mean age, 69.1±8.9 years). The average BMD was -2.5±0.9 g/cm². The average cement volume per vertebral body was 6.3 ml. The mean preoperative Cobb angle of focal kyphosis was 32.7°±7.0° and was improved significantly to 8.7°±6.9° postoperatively (p<0.001), with maintenance of the correction at the serial follow-up, postoperatively. The Cobb angle of instrumented kyphosis, wedge angle, and sagittal index showed similar patterns. In addition, the anterior part of fractured vertebral body height averaged 11.0±5.0 mm and was improved to 18.5±5.7 mm postoperatively (p=0.006), with maintenance of the improvement at the 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: The reinforcement of pedicle screws using PMMA augmentation may be a feasible surgical technique for OVCF. Moreover, it appears to be appropriate for improving the focal thoracolumbar/lumbar kyphosis and is maintained well after surgery.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2024

In this study, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was studied to confirm the value of kailan (Brassica oleracea L.) as a natural material for cosmetics. For this study measure the antioxidative activity, total polyphenol content was measured, and DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity assays were conducted. As a result of measuring the total polyphenol content of hot water extract of kailan (KRD) and 70% ethanol extract of kailan (KRE), it was found to contain 124.3 mg TAE/100 g and 144.1 mg TAE/100 g, respectively. As a result of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability, it was confirmed that the efficacy was concentration dependent. After treating the cells with LPS, a stimulant, for 2 hours, an experiment was conducted by treating RAW 264.7 cells with KRD and KRE at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml. The nitric oxide production inhibitory activity of KRD and KRE showed an inhibitory effect of about 30% at a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml. Cells cultured for 18 hours after stimulant treatment were obtained and used in experiments. The cells obtained in this way were lysed, protein and mRNA were extracted, and the expression of inflammatory mediators' inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was confirmed. It was confirmed that the protein mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2, measured through western blot and reverse transcription-PCR, was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on this, it is judged that has the potential to be used as a natural material in cosmetics.

• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5.1-5.4
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• 2018

Pharmacopuncture, or herbal acupuncture, is a new form of therapy derived from combinations of two traditional therapeutic methods, herbal medicine and acupuncture therapy. To compare the efficacy between loratadine-pharmacopuncture (LP) and loratadine-oral administration (LO), the effect of loratadine was investigated in murine models. Anti-anaphylactic effects of loratadine treatments were investigated in compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic reaction and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). LP treatment significantly inhibited the compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic reaction and PCA. The effect between LP and LO were on a similar level. These results indicate that LP can be used as an alternative method for LO in case of emergency.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Purpose: This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of radiation therapy (RT) and to investigate the prognostic factors for thymoma when treated with RT. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 21 patients with thymoma and also received RT from March 2002 to January 2008. The median follow-up time was 37 months (range, 3 to 89 months). The median patient age was 57 years (range, 24 to 77 years) and the gender ratio of males to females was 4：3. Of the 21 patients, complete resections (trans-sternal thymectomy) and R2 resections were performed in 14 and 1 patient, respectively. A biopsy was performed in 6 patients (28.7%). The WHO cell types in the 21 patients were as follows: 1 patient (4.8%) had type A, 10 patients (47.6%) had type B1-3, and 10 patients (47.6%) had type C. Based on Masaoka staging, 10 patients (47.6%) were stage II, 7 patients (33.3%) were stage III, and 4 patients (19.1%) were stage IVa. Three-dimensional RT was adminstered to the tumor volume (planned target volume), including the anterior mediastinum and the residual disease. The total RT dose ranged from 52.0 to 70.2 Gy (median dose, 54 Gy). Consistent with the WHO criteria, the response rate was only analyzed for the 6 patients who received a biopsy only. The prognostic factors analyzed for an estimate of survival included age, gender, tumor size, tumor pathology, Masaoka stage, the possibility of treatment by performing surgery, the presence of myasthenia gravis, and RT dose. Results: The 3-year overall survival rate (OS) and the progression free survival rate (PFS) were 80.7% and 78.2%, respectively. Among the 10 patients with WHO cell type C, 3 of 4 patients (75%) who underwent a complete resection and 3 of 6 patients (50%) who underwent a biopsy survived. Distant metastasis developed in 4 patients (19.1%). The overall response rate in the 6 patients who received biopsy only were as follows: partial remission in 4 patients (66.7%), stable disease in 1 patient (16.6%), and progressive disease in 1 patient (16.6%). Acute RTOG radiation pneumonitis occurred in 1 patient (4.8%), grade 2 occurred in 2 patients (9.5%), grade 3 occurred in 1 patient (4.8%), and grade 4 occurred in 1 patient (4.8%). A univariate analysis revealed that the significant prognostic factors for OS were age (${\geq}60$, 58.3%; <60, 100%; p=0.0194), pathology (WHO cell type A-B3, 100%; C, 58.3%; p=0.0194) and, whether the patient underwent surgery (yes, 93.3%; no, 50%; p=0.0096). Conclusion: For the 15 patients who received surgery, there was no local failure within the radiation field. In patients with WHO cell type C, surgical procedures could have resulted in a more favorable outcome than biopsy alone. We report here our clinical experience in 21 patients with thymoma who were treated by radiation therapy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of radiation therapy and extrafascial hysterectomy in bulky stage IB, IIA-B uterine cervix cancers. Methods and Materials : Twenty four patients with bulky stage IB and IIA-B carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with extrafascial hysterectomy following radiation therapy due to doubts of residual disease at Department of therapeutic radiology, Keimyung University, Dongsan Hospital, from April 1986 to December 1997 According to FIGO staging system, there were 7 patients with stage IB, 9 patients with IIA and 8 patients with IIB stage whose median age was 45. Pathologic distribution showed 16 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 8 patients with adenocarcinoma. Seven patients had tumors that are less than 5cm in size and 17 patients had tumors with larger than 5cm. The mean interval between radiation therapy and extrafascial hysterectomy was 57 days. The radiation therapy consisted of external irradition to the whole pelvis (180 cGy/fraction, mean 4100 cGy) and parametrial boost (for a mean total dose of 5000 cGy) with midline shield (4H 10 cm), followed by intracavitary irradiation up to 7500 cGy to point A (maximum 8500 cGy). The maximum follow up duration was 107 months and mean follow up duration was 42 months. Results :Ten out of 24 patients (41.7%) had residual disease found at the time of extrafascial hysterectomies. Five year overall survival rate (5Y OSR) and five year disease free survival rate (5Y DFSR) were 63.6% and 62.5% respectively. Five year overall survival rate for stage IB and IIA was 71.4% and 50% for stage IIB. There was a significant difference in 5Y OSR and 5Y DFSR between patients with and those without residual disease (negative vs positive, 83.3% vs. 40% (P=0.01), 83.3% vs 36% (P=0.01) respectively). There was a notable tendency of better survival with adenocarcinoma than with squamous cell carcinoma (adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma, 85.7% vs. 53.3% (P=0.1), 85.7% vs. 50.9% (P=0.1) of 5Y OSR and 5Y DFS respectivey). Total dose to A point did not make a significant difference in survival rate or the existence of residual lesion (< 7500 cGy, ${\geq}$ 7500 cOy). It was also noted that significantly more frequent local failures have occurred in patients with positive residual disease compared with negative residual disease (5/10 vs. 0/14, p=0.003), There was no death related to the treatment. Conclusion : There was no improvement of residual disease and to the overall survival rate in spite of increased total dose to point A. We conclude that there is a possible beneficial effect of radiation therapy followed by extrafaseial hysterectomy in survival for adenocarcinoma of bulky stage IB and IIA-B uterine cervix. We need to confirm this with longer follow up and with large number of patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2002

Purpose : A randomized prospective study was conducted to compare the efficacy of early or late alternating schedules of radiotherapy, and carboplatin and ifosfamide chemotherapy in patients with limited-disease small cell lung cancer. Materials and Methods: From August 1993 to August 1996, a total of 44 patients with newly diagnosed, limited-disease small cell lung cancer, PS $H0\~2$, wt $loss<10\%$ were enrolled in a randomized trial which compared early alternating radiotherapy (RT)/chemotherapy (CT) and late alternating RT/CT. The CT regimen included ifosfamide $1.5\;g/m^2$ IV, d1-5 and carboplatin AUC 5/d IV, d2 peformed at 4 week intervals for a total of 6 cycles. RT (54 Gy/30 fr) was started after the first cycle of CT (early arm, N=22) or after the third cycle of CT (late arm, N=22) with a split course of treatment. Results : The pretreatment characteristics between the two arms were well balanced. The response rates in the early $(86\%)$ and late $(85\%)$ arm were similar. The median survival durations and 2-year survival rates were 15 months and $22.7\%$ in the early arm, and 17 months and $14.9\%$ in the late arm (p=0.47 by the log-rank test). The two-year progression free survival rates were $19.1\%$ in the early arm and $19.6\%$ in the late arm (p=0.52 by the log-rank test). Acute grade 3 or 4 hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities were similar between the two arms. Eighteen patients $(82\%)$ completed 6 cycles of CT in the early arm and 17 $(77\%)$ in the late arm. Four patients received less than 45 Gy of RT in the early arm and two in the late arm. There was no significant difference in the failure patterns. The local failure rate was $43\%$ in the early arm and $45\%$ in the late arm. The first site of failure was the brain in $24\%$ of the early arm patients compared to $35\%$ in the late arm (p=0.51). Conclusion : There were no statistical differences in the overall survival rate and the pattern of failure between the early and late alternating RT/CT in patients with limited-disease small cell lung cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.5 s.250
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• pp.323-334
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• 2005

Background: Gene therapy is a new and promising option for the treatment of severe myocardial ischemia by therapeutic angiogenesis. The goal of this study was to elucidate the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis by using VEGF165 in large animals. Material and Method: Twenty-one pigs that underwent ligation of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: intramyocardial injection of pCK-VEGF (VEGF) or intramyocardial injection of pCK-Null (Control). Injections were administered 30 days after ligation. Seven pigs died during the trial, but eight pigs from VEGF and six from Control survived. Echo-cardiography was performed on day 0 (preoperative) and on days 30 and 60 following coronary ligation. Gated myocardial single photon emission computed tomography imaging (SPECT) with $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ sestamibi was performed on days 30 and 60. Myocardial perfusion was assessed from the uptake of $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ sestamibi at rest. Global and regional myocardial function as well as post-infarction left ventricular remodeling were assessed from segmental wall thickening; left ventricular ejection fraction (EF); end systolic volume (ESV); and end diastolic volume (EDV) using gated SPECT and echocardiography. Myocardium of the ischemic border zone into which pCK plasmid vector had been injected was also sampled to assess micro-capillary density. Result: Micro-capillary density was significantly higher in the VEGF than in Control ($386\pm110/mm^{2}\;vs.\;291\pm127/mm^{2};\;p<0.001$). Segmental perfusion increased significantly from day 30 to day 60 after intramyocardial injection of plasmid vector in VEGF ($48.4\pm15.2\%\;vs.\;53.8\pm19.6\%;\;p<0.001$), while no significant change was observed in the Control ($45.1\pm17.0\%\;vs.\;43.4\pm17.7\%;\;p=0.186$). This resulted in a significant difference in the percentage changes between the two groups ($11.4\pm27.0\%\;increase\;vs.\;2.7\pm19.0\%\;decrease;\;p=0.003$). Segmental wall thickening increased significantly from day 30 to day 60 in both groups; the increments did not differ between groups. ESV measured using echocardiography increased significantly from day 0 to day 30 in VEGF ($22.9\pm9.9\;mL\;vs.\;32.3\pm9.1\;mL;\; p=0.006$) and in Control ($26.3\pm12.0\;mL\;vs.\;36.8\pm9.7\;mL;\;p=0.046$). EF decreased significantly in VEGF ($52.0\pm7.7\%\;vs.\;46.5\pm7.4\%;\;p=0.004$) and in Control ($48.2\pm9.2\%\;vs.\;41.6\pm10.0\%;\;p=0.028$). There was no significant change in EDV. The interval changes (days $30\~60$) of EF, ESV, and EDV did not differ significantly between groups both by gated SPECT and by echocardiography. Conclusion: Intramyocardial injection of pCK-VEGF165 induced therapeutic angiogenesis and improved myocardial perfusion. However, post-infarction remodeling and global myocardial function were not improved.