• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2011

Objectives : The present study was designed to investigate effects of mixed extract from korean medicinal herbs (MIX) on oxidation/reduction reaction-related and aging-related enzyme in vitro. Methods : We performed MTT assay, collagenase inhibition assay, elastase inhibition assay, tyrosinase inhibition assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, SOD-like activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition assay. Results : Recently, many studies have reported that elastin is also involved in inhibiting or repairing wrinkle formation, although collagen is a major factor in the skin wrinkle formation. The MIX showed 97% inhibition of collagenase activity, and 64% inhibition of elastase activity at 1 mg/ml concentration of MIX, next only to positive control, which indicate good efficacy for anti-wrinkle ingredient. Also it's treatment showed 34% inhibition of tyrosinase activity, to relate whitening effect, at the same dose of MIX. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibiting activity and SOD-like activity. Also these scavenging, XO-inhibiting and SOD-like activities were measured in 91%, 80%, and 63% inhibition, respectively, at a treated dose of 1 mg/ml, compare to control. Conclusions : These results suggest that possibility of mixed korean medicinal herbs as a functional ingredient for anti-wrinkle and whitening, anti-oxidation and anti-aging cosmetic formula.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2001

Sensory dysfunction following the injury of the inferior alveolar nerve requires objective examination to get a reproducible data and to provide necessary treatment. This study was designed to evaluate if the SEP(somatosensory evoked potentials) of the mental nerve can be used as an objective method for the diagnosis of nerve injury and sensory disturbances. The subjects were nineteen patients ($37.4{\pm}11.3$ years old) who had been suffered from sensory disturbance of the unilateral lower lip and mental region for over 6 months after the inferior alveolar nerve injuries confirmed by the microsurgical explorations. The clinical neurosensory tests as SLTD(static light touch discrimination), MDD(moving direction discrimination), 2PD(two point discrimination), PPN(pin prick nociception) and accompanied pain were preceded to electro-physiologic examinations as SEP. The score of sensory dysfunction (sum score of all sensory tests) ranged from 0 to 8 were compared to the latency differences of the mental nerve SEPs. The correlation between clinical sensory scores and SEPs were tested by Spearman nonparametric rank correlation analysis, the differences in SEP latency by Kruskal-Wallis test and the latency differences according to PPN and accompanied pain by Mann-Whitney U test. This study resulted that the difference of the latencies between normal side and affected side was $2.22{\pm}2.46$ msec and correlated significantly with the neurosensory dysfunction scores (p=0.0001). Conclusively, the somatosensory evoked potentials of the mental nerve can be a useful diagnostic method to evaluate the inferior alveolar nerve injuries and the change of sensory dysfunction to be reproduced as an objective assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.401-406
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• 2017

Objectives: Headache is the most common complaint of patients suffering from temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). Thus, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) examinations maybe necessary in patients with headache. Considering the high prevalence of bruxism and TMDs in patients with headache the effects of conservative TMD treatment on headache should be assessed. Materials and Methods: Patients were questioned about headaches in the past three months. Those responding affirmatively to this question were examined for TMD and bruxism. After the examinations, 219 patients remained in the study and received self-management instructions. Patients were requested to modify oral habits except when eating or sleeping. The degree of pain (visual analogue scale), headache disability index (HDI), frequency of headaches (FH) per month and TMD intensity were evaluated. Results: The median levels of pain, HDI, FH, and TMD intensity were 8, 44, 8, and 7, respectively, before modifying oral habits and decreased to 4, 24, 2, and 3, respectively, after intervention. These decreases were statistically significant. Conclusion: Having patients maintain free space between the teeth and relax muscles can be an efficient method to treat headache and TMD, especially when repeated frequently.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2020

Objectives : To study the shu points selection of the Four Seas in the 「Hailun」 chapter of 『Lingshu』. Methods : The effects and main indications of each shu point, their anatomical position, characteristics along with similarities of disease patterns according to excessiveness and deficiency of the Four Seas were examined. Results : The selection of shu points of the Four Seas were deeply related to the effects and main indications, and the common similarity among conditions due to excessiveness and deficiency was the presence of psychological aspects. Also, when the Four Seas are connected to the Jing-Qi-Shen and Blood, marrow sea[髓海] is connected to Jing & Shen, qi sea[氣海] is connected to Qi, blood sea[血海] is connected to Blood, and sea of water and grain[水穀之海] replenishes Jing-Qi-Shen and Blood. When connected to the Four Qi Intersections, the marrow sea is connected to 'head qi with intersection', qi sea is connected to 'chest qi with intersection', sea of water and grain or blood sea is connected to 'stomach qi with intersection', otherwise sea of water and grain is connected to 'shin qi with intersection'. Conclusions : The Four Seas are designated to the shu points due to their accumulation of Qi when the main elements of Jing-Qi-Shen and Blood are deficient or excessive, allowing for the most convenient management and manipulation of the condition of these main elements. In clinical practice, the shu points of the Four Seas will likely increase treatment efficacy for conditions that include psychological aspects.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

Green tea has attracted attention with respect to its potential for preventing and treating neurodegenerative disease. The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), was used to produce experimental Parkinson's disease (PD) model. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea diet on behavioral changes, striatal dopamine content, and hepatic antioxidant parameters of PD model rats. In this study, we used male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $200\sim220g$ and injected 6-OHDA into the right substantia nigra and medial forebrain bundle of the brain. The supply of green tea diet was started at 2 weeks before 6-OHDA lesion and continually supplied during 0, 2, and 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion (GT-0, GT-2, GT-4). Behavioral disturbance was measured by the stepping and d-amphetamine drug-induced rotation tests. Then, we assayed the striatal dopamine content and the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide $(H_2O_2)$, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The percentage of lesioned forepaw to non-lesioned forepaw step scores was the highest in GT-4 group among all groups at both 3 and 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion. At 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion, the rotation score was the lowest in GT-2 group (p<0.05). However, increasing rate of the rotation score from 2 to 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion was the lowest in GT-4 group. The striatal dopamine content was not significantly different among four groups by green tea diet. The hepatic MDA level was the lowest in GT-4 group among four groups. The hepatic SOD activity was increased with the prolongation of green tea diet period These results suggest that green tea diet affects behavioral changes in rats of PD model. It seems that continuous green tea supplementation has an influence on the reduction of behavioral disturbance and the hepatic MDA level. Accordingly, continuous green tea supplementation was recommended for the prevention and treatment of PD. However, further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms and efficacy of green tea in PD.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

Objective : Transfemoral catheter angiography (TFCA) is a basic procedure in neurovascular surgery with increasing importance in surgical and non-invasive treatments. Unfortunately, resident neurosurgeons have relatively few opportunities to perform TFCA in most institutions. We report a method developed in our hospital for training resident neurosurgeons to perform TFCA and evaluate the efficacy of this training. Methods : From May 2011 to September 2011, a total of 112 consecutive patients underwent TFCA by one resident neurosurgeon supervised by two neuroendovascular specialists. Patients who underwent elective diagnostic procedures were included in this study. Patients who underwent endovascular treatment were excluded. Demographic data, indications for TFCA, side of approach, number of selected arteries, and complications were analyzed. Results : This study included 64 males and 48 females with a mean age of 51.6 (12-81) years. All procedures were performed in the angiography suite. Common indications for procedures were as follows : stroke-induced symptoms in 61 patients (54.5%), Moyamoya disease and arteriovenous malformation in 13 patients (11.6%), and unruptured intracranial aneurysm in eight patients (7.1%). Right and left femoral puncture was performed in 98.2% and 1.8% of patients, respectively. A total of 465 selective angiographies were performed without complications. Angiographic examination was performed on 4.15 vessels per patient. Conclusion : TFCA can be performed safely by resident neurosurgeons based on anatomical study and a meticulous protocol under the careful supervision of neuroendovascular specialists.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2001

Viral safety is a prerequisite for manufacturing clinical albumin and immunoglobulins from human plasma pools. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of cold ethanol fractionation and pasteurization (60$\^{C}$ heat treatment for 10h) for the removal/inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during the manufacturing of albumin and immunoglobulins. Samples from the relevant stages of the production process were spiked with HIV-1, and the amount of virus in each fraction was quantified by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose(TCID(sub)50). Both fraction IV fractionation and pasteurization steps during albumin processing were robust and effective in inactivating HIV-1, titers of which were reduced from an initial 8.5 log(sub)10 TCID(sub)50 to undetectable levels. The log reduction factors achieved were $\geq$ 4.5 and $\geq$ 6.5, respectively. In addition, fraction III fractionation and pasteurization during immunoglobulins processing were robust and effective in eliminating HIV-1. HIV-1 titers were reduced from an initial 7.3 log(sub)10 TCID(sub)50 to undetectable levels. The log reduction factors achieved in this case were $\geq$ 4.9 and $\geq$ 5.3, respectively. These results indicate that the process investigated for the production of albumin and immunoglobulins have sufficient HIV-1 reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of safety.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.83-99
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• 2011

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Socheongryong-tang (SCRT) on elastase-induced lung injury. Materials and Methods: The extract of SCRT was treated to A549 cells and elastase-induced COPD mice model. Then, various parameters such as cell-based cytoprotective activity and histopathological findings were analyzed. Results: SCRT showed a protective effect on elastase-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells. This effect was correlated with analysis for caspase 3 levels, collagen and elastin contents, and gene expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in A549 cells. SCRT treatment also revealed the protective effect on elastase-induced COPD mice model. This effect was evidenced via histopathological findings including immunofluoresence stains against elastin, collagen, and caspase 3, and protein level of Cdc2, cyclin B1, and phospho-Erk1/2 in lung tissue. Conclusion: These data suggest that SCRT has pharmaceutical properties on COPD. This study provides scientific evidence for the efficacy of SCRT for clinical application to patients with COPD.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.63-78
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• 2011

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Maekmundong-tang (MMDT) on an elastase-induced COPD model. Materials and Methods: The extract of MMDT was treated to A549 cells and elastase-induced COPD mice model. Then, various parameters such as cell-based cytoprotective activity and histopathological findings were analyzed. Results: MMDT showed a protective effect on elastase-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells. This effect was correlated with analysis for caspase 3 levels, collagen and elastin contents, protein level of Cdk1, and gene expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in A549 cells. MMDT treatment also revealed a protective effect on the elastase-induced COPD mice model. This effect was evidenced via histopathological finding including immunofluorescence stains against elastin, collagen, and caspase 3, and protein level of Cdc2 in lung tissue. Conclusion: These data suggest that MMDT has pharmaceutical properties on COPD. This study can provide scientific evidence for the efficacy of MMDT for clinical application to patients with COPD.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.488-496
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception and utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for diabetic patients in Busan. The subjects were 227 patients at two general hospitals (over 400 bed). This study was performed through the interviewing process using questionnaires conducted from January to April, 2010. Of a total of subjects, 109 patients (48.0%) had taken CAM at least one time. The patients used CAM recognized that they were 'auxiliary medicines' (39.4%), 'supplementary health foods' (32.1%) and 'medicines' (19.3%), but inexperienced patients perceived them as 'supplementary health foods' (29.6%), 'unscientific treatment' (22.6%) and 'medicines' (20.2%), It was significantly different between two groups of patients (p < 0.001). The number of CAM types used for the patients was 51. The CAM types were plant foods (64.3%), dietary supplement (23.6%) and animal diets (12.1%). The patients used an average of 5.9 different kinds of CAM and an average of 3.8 years them and paid \93,345 per month. The patients with diabetic complications and for longer morbidity periods used CAM for significantly (p < 0.05) longer periods. The mean effectiveness scores of the patients used CAM were 3.31/5.00 for efficacy satisfaction, 3.58/5.00 for fewer side effects compared to those of oral drugs, 3.60/5.00 for psychological stability, 3.81/5.00 for easiness to use, and 3.06/5.00 for economic satisfaction. Of the patients that used CAM, 55.9% did not consult with doctors about CAM. More than two-thirds of the patients (77.1%) did not feel the need to consult with doctors.