• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1031-1037
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• 2002

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle free amino acid concentrations, and differences in free amino acid concentration between soleus muscle which consists of mostly slow twitch oxidative fiber and extensor digitorum longus muscle which consists of fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fiber. Sixteen male SD rats (4 weeks old) were randomly devided into two groups, and fed a purified AIN-93M diet with or without aerobic exercise training according to the protocol (running on the treadmill at 25 m/min for 60 min, 5 days a week) for 6 weeks. Exercise-training for 6 weeks significanly reduced the commulative body weight gain (p＜0.05) and food efficiency ratio (p＜0.01) of rats. The result showing mitochondrial citrate synthase activity of soleus muscle was significantly higher in exercise-trained rats compared to the value for control animals (p＜0.01) indicates aerobic exercise-training was successfully accomplished in the trained group. No difference was found in the muscle aminogram pattern between soleus muscle and extensor digitorum longus muscle of control animals. However, free amino acid concentrations of soleus muscle were from 1.2 to 3.9 times of those found in extensor digitorum longus muscle of control rats, depending on an individual amino acid. Intermediate level of endurance exercise training for 6 weeks did not influence concentrations of most of free amino acid in soleus muscle of rats collected at an overnight fasted and rested state. In contrast, isolucine and leucine concentrations in extensor digitorum longus muscle of exercise-trained rats were significantly lower than those for control animals. These results indicate that aerobic energy metabolism had not been efficiently conducted, and thereby the utilization of BCAA for energy substrate was enhanced in fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers of extensor digitorum longus muscle of rats followed exercise-training protocol for 6 weeks.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.985-991
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• 2011

본 연구는 고지방식이로 인한 비만으로 불균형된 지질구성과 산화적 손상이 신경세포형성과 초기발현단백질에 미치는 생물학적 영향을 알아보고, 규칙적인 운동의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험동물은 4주령 SD rat 수컷 30마리를 1주간의 적응기간을 둔 뒤, 15주간 고지방식이를 통해 비만으로 유도하였으며, high fat diet sedentary (HDS, n=15)와 high fat diet and training (HDT, n=15)으로 분류하여 연구하였다. 운동강도는 1~4주는 저강도, 5~8주는 중강도로 주5회 실시하였다. 8주 트레이닝 후 혈청지질, 8-OHdG, MDA, neurotrophic factor, 그리고 IEG를 분석하였다. 그 결과 TC와 TG에서 HDS와 HDT 사이 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). 8-OHdG에서 HDT는 트레드밀 트레이닝 후에 HDS보다 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 해마에서 c-jun, BDNF 그리고 간에서 MDA의 단백질 발현은 HDT가 트레드밀 트레이닝 후 HDS보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 8주간 트레드밀 훈련은 고지방식이 비만 유도 쥐의 혈청지질 성분의 불균형을 개선시키고, 조직과 혈청의 산화적 손상과 DNA 손상을 완화시켜 주어, 비만으로 인한 합병증 예방에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 NT의 발현을 증가시킴으로써 손상된 뇌기능과 신경세포의 생성 기전 활동에 긍정적 영향을 나타냄으로써 공간적 학습기능의 향상을 가져온 것으로 판단된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.557-562
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• 2009

We examined the effects of the NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism on endurance exercise performance and oxidative DNA damage in response to acute and chronic exercises. One hundred three subjects were recruited, among which 26 healthy subjects (CC: 12, TC: 12, and TT: 2) were studied during rest, exercise at 85% $VO_2max$, and recovery before and after 8 weeks of treadmill running. Lymphocyte DNA damage increased significantly in response to exercise (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma MDA, SOD concentrations and lymphocyte DNA damage between CC genotype and T allele group, but significant endurance training differences were observed. Endurance training increased exercise time to exhaustion in both the CC genotype and T allele groups (p < 0.05) but no significant difference was found between groups. The results of the current study with young, healthy, Korean men are interpreted to mean that 1) the majority had the CC genotype of the NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism (82.5%: CC, 15.5%: TC, 1.9%: TT), 2) acute exercise increased lymphocyte DNA damage, 3) endurance training significantly increased exercise time to exhaustion, and alleviated lymphocyte DNA damage, and 4) The NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism, however, did not alter lymphocyte DNA damage or exercise performance at rest, immediately after exercise, or during recovery.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine whether different types of carbohydrate diets with or without exercise changes energy metabolism at rest and during exercise. [Methods] To minimize differences in food and energy intake between experimental groups, mice were pairfed. After 1 week of adaptation, 40 male ICR mice (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: Sta. (high fat + high starch), Scu. (high fat + high sucrose), StaEX. (high fat + high starch + exercise), and SucEX. (high fat + high sucrose + exercise). StaEX. and ScuEX. groups underwent training by running on a treadmill five times a week. After 10 weeks of training, energy metabolism was measured for 24 h and during a 1 h exercise period. [Results] The final body weight showed no significant difference between the groups. However, the weight of abdominal tissues (epididymal, perirenal, and mesenteric adipose tissue) in training groups was markedly decreased following 10 weeks of training. Results of all energy metabolism (24 h at rest and during 1 h of exercise) showed no significant interactions between diet and exercise. A brief summary of the results of the energy metabolism is that the metabolism related indicators over 24 h were more affected by the dietary pattern than the exercise but during the 1 h of exercise, training had more effect on energy metabolism than diet. [Conclusion] Our findings confirm that: (a) the type of carbohydrates included in the diet influence the metabolic responses over 24 h, (b) training had more effect on energy metabolism than diet during 1 h of exercise, (c) both results; abdominal adipose tissue weight and fat oxidation during exercise are suggestive for a beneficial effect of moderate physical activity on weight maintenance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.298-313
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of natural compounds in improving athletic ability has attracted attention in both sports and research. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) leaves are used to make traditional herbal medicines in Asia. The active components of G. pentaphyllum, dammarane saponins, or gypenosides, possess a range of biological activities. On the other hand, the anti-fatigue effects from G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its effective compound, gypenoside L (GL), remain to be determined. MATERIALS/METHODS: This study examined the effects of GPE on fatigue and exercise performance in ICR mice. GPE was administered orally to mice for 6 weeks, with or without treadmill training. The biochemical analysis in serum, glycogen content, mRNA, and protein expressions of the liver and muscle were analyzed. RESULTS: The ExGPE (exercise with 300 mg/kg body weight/day of GPE) mice decreased the fat mass percentage significantly compared to the ExC mice, while the ExGPE showed the greatest lean mass percentage compared to the ExC group. The administration of GPE improved the exercise endurance and capacity in treadmill-trained mice, increased glucose and triglycerides, and decreased the serum creatine kinase and lactate levels after intensive exercise. The muscle glycogen levels were higher in the ExGPE group than the ExC group. GPE increased the level of mitochondrial biogenesis by enhancing the phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein and the mRNA expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial DNA, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ, superoxide dismutase 2, and by decreasing the lactate dehydrogenase B level in the soleus muscle (SOL). GPE also improved PGC-1α activation in the SOL significantly through AMPK/p38 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that GPE supplementation enhances exercise performance and has anti-fatigue activity. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanism was elucidated. Therefore, GPE is a promising candidate for developing functional foods and enhancing the exercise capacity and anti-fatigue activity.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Background: Gait problems appear in most stroke patients. Commonly, stroke patients show the typical abnormal gait patterns, such as circumduction, genu recurvatum, and spastic paretic stiff-legged gait. An inclined treadmill gait exercise is good for gait problems of stroke patients. In addition, the backward walking training has been recommended in order to improve the component of the movement for the forward walking. Objects: The purpose of this study to investigated the effects of backward walking with inclined treadmill training on the gait in chronic stroke patients. Methods: A total of 30 volunteers were randomly allocated to two groups that walked on an inclined treadmill: the experimental group ($n_1=15$), which walked backward, and the control group ($n_2=15$), which walked forward. To measure the improvement of the patients' gait, a Figure of Eight Walking Test (F8W), Four Square Step Test (FSST), and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) were performed. We also measured spatio-temporal gait variables, including gait speed, cadence, stride length, and single limb support using a three-axial wireless accelerometer. The measurements were taken before and after the experiment. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare both groups before and after the interventions. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparisons after the interventions. The statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: Before and after experiment, all dependent variables were significantly different between the two groups (p<.05). As compared to the control group, the experimental group showed more significant improvements in F8W, FSST, speed, cadence, stride length, and single limb support (p<.05); however, FGA in this group was not significantly different from the control (p>.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that backward walking on an inclined treadmill is more effective for improving the gait of stroke patients than forward walking.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 1998

This study investigated the effect of regular exercise on serum lipid profiles and carnitine levels in college students. Daily nutrient intake, anthropometry , serum lipid, and carnitine profiles in serum and urine were evaluated prior to beginning the study and after 35 days of treadmill running for 30 minutes per day. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1) Concentrations of total lipid and Triglyceride in serum were decreased by regular exercise in female subjects but unaffected in males. 2) Serum LDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased, but total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were not affected in both male and female subjects. 3) nonesterified carnitinem, acid-insoluble acylcarnitine, and total carnitine levels in serum were not affected, but acid-soluble acylcarnitine level was increased by regular exercise in both subjects. 4) Urinary excretionof the acid-soluble acylcarnitine level was increased by regular exercise -training. These results suggest that regular exercise -training has different effects on serum lipid oxidation via carnitine metabolism in this condition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.825-833
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• 2002

The effects of dietary supplementation of Eleutherococcus senticosus, taurine and carnitine on maximal endurance exercise performance along with other related parameters were evaluated in rats that underwent aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks. Thirty-two male rats (4 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups, and fed experimental diets and/or aerobic exercise trained according to the protocol: SC (sedentary control group), EC (exercise-trained control group), EE (exercise-trained Eleutherococcus senticosus-supplemented group), and EETC (exercise-trained Eleutherococcus senticosus, taurine and carnitine-supplemented group). The food efficiency ratio of EC rats was significantly lower than the value for SC rats (p < 0.01). Exercise-trained control animals (92 $\pm$ 8.8 min) could run significantly longer until exhausted on the treadmill than sedentary control rats (11 $\pm$ 0.8 min) (p < 0.001). Animals fed an Eleutherococcus senticosus-supplemented diet, and an Eleuthherococcus sonticosus, taurine and carnitine- supplemented diet while undergoing aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks exhibited, respectively, 8 and 5 minutes longer running performance until exhausted than the rats fed the control diet. The gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentration of the rats, measured at 48 hours post maximal exercise performance test, was 43% higher in EC rats than the value for SC rats (p < 0.05), but was not different among EC, EE, and EETC rats. The mitochondrial citrate synthase activity of the soleus muscle was significantly higher in EC rats compared to the value for SC rats (p < 0.01), and showed a tendency to increase, without statistical significance, in EE or EETC rats compared to the value for EC rats. These results indicate that aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks significantly improved maximal exercise performance, muscle glycogen content along with citrate synthase activity, which are important in the energy metabolism of muscle under aerobic exercise. Dietary supplementation of Eleutherococcus senticosus in rats while undergoing aerobic exercise training improved maximal endurance exercise performance without significantly affecting muscle glycogen content and enzyme activities involved in energy metabolism during exercise. Taurine and carnitine supplementation failed to show an additive effect on maximal endurance exercise performance when consumed along with Eleutherococcus senticosus.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.91-108
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• 1996

본 실험은 골격의 위축이 일어난 노화 횐 쥐를 사용하여 단기간동안 트레드밀 훈련과 웨이트 트레이닝을 시켰을 때 골격근에 나타나는 변화들을 고찰하고자 고안되었다. 출생 후 24개월 된 수컷 횐 쥐를 사용하여 대조군과 트레드밀 훈련군, 웨이트 트레이닝군으로 구분하여 각 군별로 4주간 훈련시켜 각 군의 골격근은 조직 및 조직화학, 미세구조 및 세포 화학적 연구 및 입체해석학적 연구에 적용하였다. 각 훈련 기간동안 개체의 체중과 근육의 무게는 큰 변화가 없었고, 근섬유의 분포양상은 트레드밀 훈련군에서는 IIB형과 IIC형이 증가를 한 반면 IIA형은 감소를 하였고 I형의 근섬유 조성은 변화가 없었다 웨이트 트레이닝 후에는 IIA와 IIB형이 증가를 한 반면 IIC형은 감소하였다. 그러나 모든 근섬유 조성의 변화에는 유의성이 없었다. 노화 대조군의 조직구조 및 미세구조의 특징은 노화색소의 출현, 약한 수축대의 출현, 근섬유들의 분할현상 등이 관찰되었다 트레드밀 훈련 후에는 손가락형의 돌출부를 포함한 근초의 불규칙성이 나타났으며, 밝은 띠의 확장으로 인한 Z-선의 불규칙한 배열, 공포화, 장축과 평행한 근섬유의 분할현상이 나타났으며, 웨이트 트레이닝 후에는 많은 용해소체들과 함께 포식소자를 함유한 자가용해소체들이 나타났으며 심한 수축대가 나타났고 근원섬유들의 배열이 와해되는 현상도 나타났다. 조직화학 및 세포화학적인 측면에서 succinic dehydrogenase와 acid phosphatase는 활성도의 변화가 거의 없었으며, $Mg^{++}$-­ATPase의 활성은 훈련 후 약간 감소하는 경향이었다. 미세구조의 입체해석학적 분석에서는 측량한 구조물들의 체적밀도와 수밀도는 변화가 거의 없었고 사립체 내막의 표면밀도만 트레드밀 훈련군에서 증가되었다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 단기간의 지구력 훈련을 실시할 경우는 노화 골격근은 잘 적응하여 골격근의 위축 방지에 효율적이었으나 웨이트 트레이닝은 노화 골격근의 위축방지에 영향을 주지 못하였다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2021

Objective: Through comparative analysis of muscle activity for whole-body vibration, walking and running movements, it is to verify the training effect of whole-body vibration exercise in terms of amount of exercise and muscle activity characteristics. Method: Flat ground walking and slope walking (10 degrees) at a speed of 5 km/h, flat ground running and slope running (10 degrees) at a speed of 11 km/h for running were performed on treadmill, and squats were maintained at 12 Hz, 20 Hz, and 29 Hz conditions on Whole body vibration exercise equipment (Galileo). Muscle activity was analyzed through EMG analysis device for one minute for each condition. Results: The Anterior Tibialis and Erector Spinae show greater exercise effect in whole-body vibration than walking and running. The Rectus Femoris, Biceps Femoris, and Gluteus Maximus have the best effect of exercise in flat running. Whole-body vibration exercise showed greater muscle activation effect as the frequency increased, and exercise effect similar to walking during the same exercise time. Conclusion: The amount of exercise through Whole-body vibration exercise was similar to that of walking exercise, and the Anterior Tibialis and Erector Spinae shows better exercise effect than walking and running.