• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

The piping system of a nuclear power plant plays a role of transferring high energy fluid to equipment and various devices. The safety and soundness of these piping systems are very closely related to the operability of the power plant. In the case of a welded part of a small diameter pipe, it may grow as a microcrack due to a lack of penetration, and it may grow to a size that affects the safety of the pipe due to the influence of mechanical vibration and fatigue load. Resonance refers to an increase in energy as the natural frequency of an object coincides with the frequency applied to the external force. When this resonance occurs, the frequency is the resonance frequency. In this study, when defects exist in the welds of small diameter pipe, the natural frequency of the pipe changes and resonance may occur. Since these resonances are likely to cause fatigue damage to the piping, resonance frequency changes due to the size and shape of the defects are analyzed and evaluated. As a result of the vibration test, the resonance frequency tended to decrease as the depth of the defect deepened, and the influence was larger when the defect existed at the bottom of the top of the trough. Also, it was confirmed that the Transverse cracks had an effect on the resonance frequency in the presence of the cracks in the weld bead, compared to the longitudinal cracks. As a result of this study, it is expected that the cause of the defect and the condition of the pipe can be monitored because the resonance frequency tendency according to the shape of the crack is analyzed.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.922-933
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• 2002

Since the deterioration of concrete bridge decks affect durability, safety, and function, structural rehabilitation of damaged concrete deck that was strengthened with Fiber Reinforced Polymer(FRP) is increasing the latest. But recent studies on the strengthened structures are focused on the static behavior, however only a few studies on the fatigue behavior are performed. In this study, static and fatigue behavior of strengthened deck were peformed on 11 deck specimens strengthened with sheet typed Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer(GFRP) that were reinforced by two different strengthening methods for the static test. A amount of strengthening material in the each direction such as transverse and longitudinal was adopted experimental variables for the static test and also the stress level of the static maximum load are adopted for the fatigue test. By the results of the experimental study, with respect to the strengthened decks, the resistance effect of crack propagation and effect of stress distribution are improved. In addition, the rate of variation of compliance decreased.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.13-16
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• 2008

Corbels are short cantilevers that project from the faces of a column and are a type of stress disturbed member, resisting both the ultimate shear force applied to them by the beam, and the ultimate horizontal force caused by shrinkage, temperature changes, and creep of the supported elements. Recently, as there have been an increase in the use of high-strength concrete and the concern about corrosion problems, lots of researches about hybrid reinforcing technique, applying strategically high performance reinforcements to the concrete elements, are performed. In this study, fiber reinforced high strength concrete corbels were constructed and tested for applying hybrid reinforcing technique to the corbels using steel fibers and headed bars. The results showed that the performance in terms of load carrying capacities, stiffness, ductility, and crack width was improved, as the steel fibers were added and the percentage of steel fibers was increased. In addition, the corbel specimens used headed bars as main tension ties showed superior load carrying capacities, stiffness, and ductility to the corbel specimens anchored main tension ties by welding to the transverse bars.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.99-107
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• 1993

In this study, material nonlinear finite element program is developed to analyze reinforced concrete shell of arbitrary geometry considering tension stiffening effects. This study is capable of tracing the load-deformation response and crack propagation, as well as determining the internal concrete and steel stresses through the elastic, inelastic and ultimate ranges in one continuous computer analysis. The cracked shear retention factor is introduced to estimate the effective shear modulus including aggregate interlock and dowel action. The concrete is assumed to be brittle in tension and elasto-plastic in compression. The Drucker-Prager yield criterion and the associated flow rule are adopted to govern the plastic behavior of the concrete. The reinforcing bars are considered as a steel layer of equivalent thickness. A layered isoparametric flat finite element considering the coupling effect between the in-plane and the bending action was developed. Mindlin plate theory taking account of transverse shear deformation was used. An incremental tangential stiffness method is used to obtain a numerical solution. Numerical examples about reinforced concrete shell are presented. Validity of this method is studied by comparing with the experimential results of Hedgren and the numerical analysis of Lin.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.261-272
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• 2020

A novel precast concrete-encased steel composite beam, which can be abbreviated as PCES beam, is introduced in this paper. In order to investigate the shear behavior of this PCES beam, a test of eight full-scale PCES beam specimens was carried out, in which the specimens were subjected to positive bending moment or negative bending moment, respectively. The factors which affected the shear behavior, such as the shear span-to-depth aspect ratio and the existence of concrete flange, were taken into account. During the test, the load-deflection curves of the test specimens were recorded, while the crack propagation patterns together with the failure patterns were observed as well. From the test results, it could be concluded that the tested PCES beams could all exhibit ductile shear behavior, and the innovative shear connectors between the precast concrete and cast-in-place concrete, namely the precast concrete transverse diaphragms, were verified to be effective. Then, based on the shear deformation compatibility, a theoretical model for predicting the shear capacity of the proposed PCES beams was put forward and verified to be valid with the good agreement of the shear capacities calculated using the proposed method and those from the experiments. Finally, in order to facilitate the preliminary design in practical applications, a simplified calculation method for predicting the shear capacity of the proposed PCES beams was also put forward and validated using available test results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.633-642
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• 2006

Serviceability design is required to control the cracking at the joint of precast decks with longitudinal prestress in continuous composite bridges. Details of twin-girder bridges are especially complex not only due to their main reinforcements and transverse prestresses for the design of long-span concrete slabs, but also due to the shear pockets for obtaining the composite action. This paper suggests the design guidelines for the magnitude of the effective prestress and for the selection of filling materials and their requirements that would allow for the use of precast decks for twin-girder continuous composite bridges. The necessary initial prestress was also evaluated through long-term behavior analysis. From the analysis, existing design examples were revised and their effectiveness was estimated. When a filling material with a bonding strength higher than the requirement is used in the region of a high negative moment, a uniform configuration of the longitudinal prestressing steels along thewhole span length of continuous composite bridges can be achieved, which would result in the simplification of the details and the reduction of the construction costs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.243-251
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• 2016

Longitudinally structural cracks are sometimes observed in the pavement on steel plate deck bridges because traffic truck loadings can cause large local deformations of the thin deck plate stiffened by longitudinal and transverse beams. In this study, an improved finite strip method using flat-shell strip, prism, and link elements is presented to investigate local deformations of steel decks with pavements in which flexural and torsional stiffness effects of thin floor beams are rigorously taken into account. A simplified deck model extracted from steel plate-girder bridges is analyzed using the developed FSM and the commercial FE program, ABAQUS and also, their numerical results are compared and discussed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 2011

The aim of this research is a comprehensive review and evaluation of beam theories resting on elastic foundations that used to model mode-I delamination in multidirectional laminated composite by DCB specimen. A compliance based approach is used to calculate critical strain energy release rate (SERR). Two well-known beam theories, i.e. Euler-Bernoulli (EB) and Timoshenko beams (TB), on Winkler and Pasternak elastic foundations (WEF and PEF) are considered. In each case, a closed-form solution is presented for compliance versus crack length, effective material properties and geometrical dimensions. Effective flexural modulus ($E_{fx}$) and out-of-plane extensional stiffness ($E_z$) are used in all models instead of transversely isotropic assumption in composite laminates. Eventually, the analytical solutions are compared with experimental results available in the literature for unidirectional ($[0^{\circ}]_6$) and antisymmetric angle-ply ($[{\pm}30^{\circ}]_5$, and $[{\pm}45^{\circ}]_5$) lay-ups. TB on WEF is a simple model that predicts more accurate results for compliance and SERR in unidirectional laminates in comparison to other models. TB on PEF, in accordance with Williams (1989) assumptions, is too stiff for unidirectional DCB specimens, whereas in angle-ply DCB specimens it gives more reliable results. That it shows the effects of transverse shear deformation and root rotation on SERR value in composite DCB specimens.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.556-565
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• 2002

The concrete bridge decks on the main girder will usually develop initial cracks in the longitudinal or the transverse direction due to dry shrinkage and temperature change, and as the bridge decks age the crack will gradually develop in different directions due to repeated cyclic loads. The strengthening direction of the concrete bridge deck is a very important factor in improving proper structural behavior. Therefore, in this study, theoretical analyses of strengthened bridge decks were performed using the nonlinear finite element method. To improve the accuracy of the analytical result, boundary conditions and material property of strengthening material was simulated by laboratory condition and test results, respectively. The effect of the strengthening direction and the amount of strengthening material were estimated and compared to the experimental results. The efficiency of the strengthened bridge decks by strengthening variables such as the amount, width and thickness of CFS was observed.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.439-447
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• 2011

Longitudinal cracks due to traffic truck loadings that are caused by local deformations of steel orthotropic bridge decks are sometimes observed in the wearing surface. So, underlying causes of the longitudinal pavement crack induced by structural behaviors of steel decks are investigated in this study. For this purpose, The rational finite element model of the steel deck and the pavement having the box girder is developed and a parametric study is performed by varying thickness or elastic modulus ratios of both the steel deck plate and the pavement. As a result, a large tensile strain above the webs of the u-rib and the box girder, which becomes the main cause of the cracks of the pavement, is detected from variation of the normal strain component of the wearing surface in the transverse direction.