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Kinetics of esterification of food waste oil by solid acid catalyst and reaction optimization (고체 산 촉매를 이용한 고산가 음폐유의 에스테르화 반응 동역학 연구 및 반응 최적화)

  • Lee, Hwa-Sung;Lee, Joon-Pyo;Lee, Jin-Suk;Kim, Deog-Keun
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.683-693
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    • 2017
  • Transport biofuels have been recognized as a promising means to resolve the following issues like global warming, oil depletion and environmental pollutions. Among various biofuels, biodiesel has several advantages such as less emission of air pollutants and higher cetane values compared to diesel oil. Demand for biodiesel in Korea is increasing that leads to higher dependence on the imported feedstocks. Therefore, it is important to utilize the waste materials collected domestically for biodiesel production. Food waste oil collected in waste treatment facility has not been used for biodiesel production due to high free fatty contents in the oil. In this work, biodiesel conversion of food waste oil by Amberlyst 15 was studied. Synthetic and actual food waste oils have been used in the study. First, the effects of the major operating parameters including reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst loading on the conversion rates and yields were determined with synthetic waste oil. Kinetic modelling work was also done to determine the activation energy of the reaction. From the work, optimization reaction conditions were determined to be 383K, 1: 26.1 for methanol molar ratio to oil, 10 wt.% for catalyst loading and 360 min for reaction time. Activation energy of the reaction is determined to be 29.75 kJ/mol, lower than those reported in the previous works. So the solid catalyst, Amberlyst 15, was more efficient for esterification than the solid catalysts employed in the other works. Agitation rates have the negligible effects on the conversion rates and yields. With the identified optimization conditions, conversion of the actual food waste oil was also carried out. The esterification yield of actual food waste oil in 60 min was 13% lower than that of synthetic waste oil but the final yields in 240 min were similar each other, 98.12% for synthetic oil and 97.62% for actual waste oil.

Iron chelating agent, deferoxamine, induced apoptosis in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cancer cells (Saos-2 골육종 세포에서 iron chelating agent, deferoxamine에 의한 apoptosis 유도)

  • Park, Eun Hye;Lee, Hyo Jung;Lee, Soo Yeon;Kim, Sun Young;Yi, Ho Keun;Lee, Dae Yeol;Hwang, Pyoung Han
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.213-219
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    • 2009
  • Purpose:Iron is a critical nutritional element that is essential for a variety of important biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, electron transfer reactions, and oxygen transport, activation, and detoxification. Iron is also required for neoplastic cell growth due to its catalytic effects on the formation of hydroxyl radicals, suppression of host defense cell activities, and promotion of cancer cell multiplication. Chronic transfusion-dependent patients receiving chemotherapy may have iron overload, which requires iron-chelating therapy. We performed this study to demonstrate whether the iron chelating agent deferoxamine induces apoptosis in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells, and to investigate the underlying apoptotic mechanism. Methods:To analyze the apoptotic effects of an iron chelator, cultured Saos-2 cells were treated with deferoxamine. We analyzed cell survival by trypan blue and crystal violet analysis, apoptosis by nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle analysis, and the expression of apoptotic related proteins by Western immunoblot analysis. Results:Deferoxamine inhibited the growth of Saos-2 cell in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The major mechanism for growth inhibition with the deferoxamine treatment was by the induction of apoptosis, which was supported by nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation analysis, and flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, bcl-2 expression decreased, while bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP expression increased in Saos-2 cells treated with deferoxamine. Conclusion:These results demonstrated that the iron chelating agent deferoxamine induced growth inhibition and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells, suggesting that iron chelating agents used in controlling neoplastic cell fate can be potentially developed as an adjuvant agent enhancing the anti-tumor effect for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Low temperature plasma deposition of microcrystalline silicon thin films for active matrix displays: opportunities and challenges

  • Cabarrocas, Pere Roca I;Abramov, Alexey;Pham, Nans;Djeridane, Yassine;Moustapha, Oumkelthoum;Bonnassieux, Yvan;Girotra, Kunal;Chen, Hong;Park, Seung-Kyu;Park, Kyong-Tae;Huh, Jong-Moo;Choi, Joon-Hoo;Kim, Chi-Woo;Lee, Jin-Seok;Souk, Jun-H.
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2008.10a
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    • pp.107-108
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    • 2008
  • The spectacular development of AMLCDs, been made possible by a-Si:H technology, still faces two major drawbacks due to the intrinsic structure of a-Si:H, namely a low mobility and most important a shift of the transfer characteristics of the TFTs when submitted to bias stress. This has lead to strong research in the crystallization of a-Si:H films by laser and furnace annealing to produce polycrystalline silicon TFTs. While these devices show improved mobility and stability, they suffer from uniformity over large areas and increased cost. In the last decade we have focused on microcrystalline silicon (${\mu}c$-Si:H) for bottom gate TFTs, which can hopefully meet all the requirements for mass production of large area AMOLED displays [1,2]. In this presentation we will focus on the transfer of a deposition process based on the use of $SiF_4$-Ar-$H_2$ mixtures from a small area research laboratory reactor into an industrial gen 1 AKT reactor. We will first discuss on the optimization of the process conditions leading to fully crystallized films without any amorphous incubation layer, suitable for bottom gate TFTS, as well as on the use of plasma diagnostics to increase the deposition rate up to 0.5 nm/s [3]. The use of silicon nanocrystals appears as an elegant way to circumvent the opposite requirements of a high deposition rate and a fully crystallized interface [4]. The optimized process conditions are transferred to large area substrates in an industrial environment, on which some process adjustment was required to reproduce the material properties achieved in the laboratory scale reactor. For optimized process conditions, the homogeneity of the optical and electronic properties of the ${\mu}c$-Si:H films deposited on $300{\times}400\;mm$ substrates was checked by a set of complementary techniques. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, Raman spectroscopy, dark conductivity, time resolved microwave conductivity and hydrogen evolution measurements allowed demonstrating an excellent homogeneity in the structure and transport properties of the films. On the basis of these results, optimized process conditions were applied to TFTs, for which both bottom gate and top gate structures were studied aiming to achieve characteristics suitable for driving AMOLED displays. Results on the homogeneity of the TFT characteristics over the large area substrates and stability will be presented, as well as their application as a backplane for an AMOLED display.

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A Study on Prediction of Asian Dusts Using the WRF-Chem Model in 2010 in the Korean Peninsula (WRF-Chem 모델을 이용한 2010년 한반도의 황사 예측에 관한 연구)

  • Jung, Ok Jin;Moon, Yun Seob
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.90-108
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    • 2015
  • The WRF-Chem model was applied to simulate the Asian dust event affecting the Korean Peninsula from 11 to 13 November 2010. GOCART dust emission schemes, RADM2 chemical mechanism, and MADE/SORGAM aerosol scheme were adopted within the WRF-Chem model to predict dust aerosol concentrations. The results in the model simulations were identified by comparing with the weather maps, satellite images, monitoring data of $PM_{10}$ concentration, and LIDAR images. The model results showed a good agreement with the long-range transport from the dust source area such as Northeastern China and Mongolia to the Korean Peninsula. Comparison of the time series of $PM_{10}$ concentration measured at Backnungdo showed that the correlation coefficient was 0.736, and the root mean square error was $192.73{\mu}g/m^3$. The spatial distribution of $PM_{10}$ concentration using the WRF-Chem model was similar to that of the $PM_{2.5}$ which were about a half of $PM_{10}$. Also, they were much alike in those of the UM-ADAM model simulated by the Korean Meteorological Administration. Meanwhile, the spatial distributions of $PM_{10}$ concentrations during the Asian dust events had relevance to those of both the wind speed of u component ($ms^{-1}$) and the PBL height (m). We performed a regressive analysis between $PM_{10}$ concentrations and two meteorological variables (u component and PBL) in the strong dust event in autumn (CASE 1, on 11 to 23 March 2010) and the weak dust event in spring (CASE 2, on 19 to 20 March 2011), respectively.

Novel LTE based Channel Estimation Scheme for V2V Environment (LTE 기반 V2V 환경에서 새로운 채널 추정 기법)

  • Chu, Myeonghun;Moon, Sangmi;Kwon, Soonho;Lee, Jihye;Bae, Sara;Kim, Hanjong;Kim, Cheolsung;Kim, Daejin;Hwang, Intae
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.54 no.3
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    • pp.3-9
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    • 2017
  • Recently, in 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP), there is a study of the Long Term Evolution(LTE) based vehicle communication which has been actively conducted to provide a transport efficiency, telematics and infortainment. Because the vehicle communication is closely related to the safety, it requires a reliable communication. Because vehicle speed is very fast, unlike the movement of the user, radio channel is rapidly changed and generate a number of problems such as transmission quality degradation. Therefore, we have to continuously updates the channel estimates. There are five types of conventional channel estimation scheme. Least Square(LS) is obtained by pilot symbol which is known to transmitter and receiver. Decision Directed Channel Estimation(DDCE) scheme uses the data signal for channel estimation. Constructed Data Pilot(CDP) scheme uses the correlation characteristic between adjacent two data symbols. Spectral Temporal Averaging(STA) scheme uses the frequency-time domain average of the channel. Smoothing scheme reduces the peak error value of data decision. In this paper, we propose the novel channel estimation scheme in LTE based Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V) environment. In our Hybrid Reliable Channel Estimation(HRCE) scheme, DDCE and Smoothing schemes are combined and finally the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error(LMMSE) scheme is applied to minimize the channel estimation error. Therefore it is possible to detect the reliable data. In simulation results, overall performance can be improved in terms of Normalized Mean Square Error(NMSE) and Bit Error Rate(BER).

Analysis of Maternal and Neonatal Transport by the 1339 Emergency Medical Information Center in Busan Area (부산 지역 응급의료정보센터를 통한 산모와 신생아 전원에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Mi-Jin;Lee, Myung-Chul;Yoo, Jae-Ho;Kim, Myo-Jing
    • Neonatal Medicine
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.137-142
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: In relation to perinatal healthcare, medical institutions and resources are limitative and also are in a state of flux due to the therapeutic specialty. We analyzed requests for interhospital transfers received by Busan 1339 Emergency Medical Information Center (EMIC) to grasp the state of perinatal healthcare delivery system. Methods: This study was conducted on the basis of data inputted into the computing system of Busan 1339 EMIC, between January 1 and December 31, 2009. In connection with 378 pregnant women and 136 newborns who were required to transfer, retrospective analyses were made of the success rate of transfer (SR), the number of contacted hospitals, the time required for transfer and the reason of transfer and refusal. Results: In the case of pregnant women, the SR were 65.5%. They came in contact with 2.7 hospitals, and it took 24.4 minutes. As for the reason of transfer, preterm labor accounted for the highest proportion. In the case of newborns, the SR were 71.3%. They came in contact with 2.4 hospitals, and it took 15.6 minutes. The most common reason of transfer were respiratory symptoms. In the reason of refusal with pregnant women and newborn, the lack of medical staff, medical equipments and wards accounted for great. Conclusion: Many pregnant women and newborns have been transferred to hospitals by EMIC, but the SR has not been higher yet. Accordingly, there is a need to evaluate the propriety of perinatal treatment system, as well as to set up effective perinatal healthcare delivery system.

A Study on the dose distribution produced by $^{32}$ P source form in treatment for inhibiting restenosis of coronary artery (관상동맥 재협착 방지를 위한 치료에서 $^{32}$ P 핵종의 선원 형태에 따른 선량분포에 관한 연구)

  • 김경화;김영미;박경배
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 1999
  • In this study, the dose distributions of a $^{32}$ p uniform cylindrical volume source and a surface source, a pure $\beta$emitter, were calculated in order to obtain information relevant to the utilization of a balloon catheter and a radioactive stent. The dose distributions of $^{32}$ p were calculated by means of the EGS4 code system. The sources are considered to be distributed uniformly in the volume and on the surface in the form of a cylinder with a radius of 1.5 mm and length of 20 mm. The energy of $\beta$particles emitted is chosen at random in the $\beta$ energy spectrum evaluated by the solution of the Dirac equation for the Coulomb potential. Liquid water is used to simulate the particle transport in the human body. The dose rates in a target at a 0.5mm radial distance from the surface of cylindrical volume and surface source are 12.133 cGy/s per GBq (0.449 cGy/s per mCi, uncertainty: 1.51%) and 24.732 cGy/s per GBq (0.915 cGy/s per mCi, uncertainty: 1.01%), respectively. The dose rates in the two sources decrease with distance in both radial and axial direction. On the basis of the above results, the determined initial activities were 29.69 mCi and 1.2278 $\mu$Ci for the balloon catheter and the radioactive stent using $^{32}$ P isotope, respectively. The total absorbed dose for optimal therapeutic regimen is considered to be 20 Gy and the treatment time in the case of the balloon catheter is less than 3 min. Absorbed doses in targets placed in a radial direction for the two sources were also calculated when it expressed initial activity in a 1 mCi/ml volume activity density for the cylindrical volume source and a 0.1 mCi/cm$^2$ area activity density for the surface source. The absorbed dose distribution around the $^{32}$ P cylindrical source with different size can be easily calculated using our results when the volume activity density and area activity density for the source are known.

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Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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The Characteristics of Hydrodynamic Dispersion in a Horizontally Heterogeneous Fractured Rock Through Single Well Injection Withdrawal Tracer Tests (수평적으로 불균질한 단열암반층에서 단공주입양수 추적자시험에 의한 수리분산특성)

  • Kang, Dong-Hwan;Chung, Sang-Yong;Kim, Byung-Woo
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.53-60
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    • 2006
  • Single well injection withdrawal tracer tests with bromide were carried out at two wells developed in a horizontally heterogeneous fractured rock. The hydraulic conductivity of TW-1 well was 5 times larger than TW-2 well, and the average linear velocity of TW-2 well was 1.8 times faster than TW-1 well. The difference of hydrodynamic dispersions of two wells in the fractured rock was studied with the analysis of concentration breakthrough curves and cumulative mass recovery curves of bromide with withdrawal time, and the estimation of average travel distance, pore velocity, longitudinal dispersivity and longitudinal dispersion coefficient. The average travel distances of bromide were estimated to be 3.00 m in TW-1 well and 5.62 m in TW-2 well. The average pore velocities for the injection/withdrawal phase were estimated to be $4.31\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;m/sec$ in TW-1 well and $8.08\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;m/sec$ in TW-2 well. Average travel distance and pore velocity were higher in TW-2 well because of small effective porosity. Longitudinal dispersivities were estimated to be 28.73 cm in TW-1 well and 18.49 cm in TW-2 well, and bromide transport was 1.55 times faster in TW-1 well. Longitudinal dispersion coefficients were estimated to be $5.14\;{\times}\;10^{-6}\;m^2/sec$ in TW-1 well and $6.06\;{\times}\;10^{-6}\;m^2/sec$ in TW-2 well, and diffusion area was 1.18 times larger in TW-2 well.

The Cross-sectional Mass Flux Observation at Yeomha Channel, Gyeonggi Bay at Spring Tide During Dry and Flood Season (단면 관측을 통한 경기만 염하수로의 대조기 평수시와 홍수시 유출입량 변화특성 조사)

  • Lee, Dong-Hwan;Yoon, Byung-Il;Kim, Jong-Wook;Gu, Bon-Ho;Woo, Seung-Buhm
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.16-25
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    • 2012
  • To calculate the total mass flux that change in dry and flood season in the Yeomha Channel of Gyeonggi Bay, the 13 hour bottom tracking observation was performed from the southern extremity. The value of the total mass flux(Lagrange flux) was calculated as the sum of the Eulerian flux value and stroke drift value and the tidal residual flow was harmonically analyzed through the least-squares method. Moreover, the average during the tidal cycle is essential to calculate the mass flux and the tidal residual flow and there is the need to equate the grid of repeatedly observed data. Nevertheless, due to the great differences in the studied region, the number of vertical grid tends to change according to time and since the horizontal grid differs according to the transport speed of the ship as a characteristic of the bottom tracking observation, differences occur in the horizontal and vertical grid for each hour. Hence, the present study has vertically and horizontally normalized(sigma coordinate) to equate the grid per each hour. When compared to the z-level coordinate system, the Sigma coordinate system was evaluated to have no irrationalities in data analysis with 5% of error. As a result of the analysis, the tidal residual flow displayed the flow pattern of sagging in the both ends in the main waterway direction of dry season. During flood season, it was confirmed that the tidal residual flow was vertical 2-layer flow. As a result of the total mass flux, the ebb properties of 359 cm/s and 261 cm/s were observed during dry and flood season, respectively. The total mass flux was moving the intertidal region between Youngjong-do and Ganghwa-do.