• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.634-639
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• 1998

Seven transmembrane segment (7TMS) receptors for chemokines and related molecules have been demonstrated to be essential, in addition to CD4, for HIV and SIV infection. The beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 is the primary, perhaps sole, coreceptor for HIV-1 during the early and chronic phases of infection, and supports infection by most primary HIV-1 and many SIV isolates. Late-stage primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates can use other 7TMS receptors. CXCR4 appears especially important in late-stage HIV infection; several related receptors can also be used. The specificity of SIV viruses is similar. Commonalities among these receptors, combined with analyses of mutated molecules, indicate that discrete, conformationally-depenclent sites on the chemokine receptors determine their association with the third variable and conserved regions of viral envelope glycoproteins. These studies are useful for elucidating the mechanism and molecular determinants of HIV-1 entry, and of inhibitors to that entry.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2006

Olive flounder immunoreceptor DAP10 homologue cDNA was cloned from a peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) cDNA library. The length of the olive flounder DAP10 cDNA is 473bp and it contains an open reading frame of 234bp. The predicted polypeptide sequence is 78 amino acids, consisting of a 22-amino acid leader, an 11-amino acid extracellular domain, a 21-amino acid transmembrane segment, and a 24-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. The amino acid sequence of olive flounder DAP10 has 56%, 50%, 32%, 31%, and 31% sequence identity with zebrafish DAP10, catfish DAP10, cattle DAP10, rat DAP10 and Monkey DAP10, respectively. Olive flounder DAP10 has a conserved aspartic acid in the transmembrane domain and a phophatidylinositol-3 kinase-binding site (YxxM/V) in the cytoplasmic region. Genomic organization reveals that olive flounder DAP10 comprises five exons and four introns. A phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequence grouped the olive flounder DAP10 with other species DAP10. In RT-PCR analysis, DAP10 transcripts were detected predominantly in PBLs, kidney, spleen and intestine.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 2013

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic endocrine disrupter. However, depending on a way of treatment, the harmful effects of BPA have not been confirmed. Also, trans-generational effects of BPA on male reproduction are still controversial. Because the reabsorption of testicular fluid in the efferent ductules (ED) and initial segment (IS) is important for sperm maturation, the present study was designed to determine trans-generational effect of BPA administrated orally on expression of water transport-related molecules in the mouse ED and IS. Ethanol-dissolved BPA was diluted in water to be 100 ng (low), $10{\mu}g$ (medium), and $1mg/m{\ell}$ water (high). BPA-containing water was provided for two generations. Expression of ion transporters and water channels in the ED and IS were measured by relative real-time PCR analysis. In the ED, BPA treatment caused expressional increases of carbonic anhydrase II, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, $Na^+/K^+$ ATPase ${\alpha}1$ subunit, and aquaporin (AQP) 1. No change of $Na^+/H^+$ exchange (NHE) 3 expression was detected. BPA treatment at medium dose resulted in an increase of AQP9 expression. In the IS, the highest expressional levels of all molecules tested were observed in medium-dose BPA treatment. Generally, high-dose BPA treatment resulted in a decrease or no change of gene expression. Fluctuation of NHE3 gene expression by BPA treatment at different concentrations was detected. These findings suggest that trans-generational exposure to BPA, even at low dose, could affect gene expression of water-transport related molecules. However, such effects of BPA would be differentially occurred in the ED and IS.