• 대한화학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.375-381
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• 1987

trans-[Cr(tn)$_2Cl_2]^+$ 및 trans-[Cr(en)(tn)Cl$_2]^+$ 이온의 수화반응속도를 분광광도법을 이용하여 온도의 압력을 변화시켜 가면서 측정하였다. 활성화부피는 모두 음의 값을 가졌으며. 이들 착이온의 경우 그 범위는 -1.7 ∼ -2.9cm$^3$mol$^{-1}$이었다. 활성화엔트로피 및 활성화압축류 계수는 작은 음의 값을 가졌다. 이러한 열역학적 결과로부터 이들 착이온의 수화반응은 교환회합 메카니즘으로 진행됨을 추정할 수 있다. 한편 각중첩모형 체제내에서 가상적 중간체의 총 안정화에너지를 고려하여 반응경로와 전이상태의 구조에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있는데 추정한 메카니즘과 실험적으로 관찰된 결과가 일치함을 알았다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.2448-2452
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• 2014

Second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for $S_NAr$ reactions of Y-substituted-phenoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzenes (1a-1g) with hydrazine and glycylglycine in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. Hydrazine is 14.6-23.4 times more reactive than glycylglycine. The magnitude of the ${\alpha}$-effect increases linearly as the substituent Y becomes a stronger electron-withdrawing group (EWG). The Br${\o}$nsted-type plots for the reactions with hydrazine and glycylglycine are linear with ${\beta}_{lg}=-0.21$ and -0.14, respectively, which is typical for reactions reported previously to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with expulsion of the leaving group occurring after rate-determining step (RDS). The Hammett plots correlated with ${\sigma}^{\circ}$ constants result in much better linear correlations than ${\sigma}^-$ constants, indicating that expulsion of the leaving group is not advanced in the transition state (TS). The reaction of 1a-1g with hydrazine has been proposed to proceed through a five-membered cyclic intermediate ($T_{III}$), which is structurally not possible for the reaction with glycylglycine. Stabilization of the intermediate $T_{III}$ through intramolecular H-bonding interaction has been suggested as an origin of the ${\alpha}$-effect exhibited by hydrazine.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.837-845
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• 2002

Based on ab initio calculations at the MP2(FULL)/6-31+G**//RHF/6-31G** level, we compare the energetic and mechanistic features of a model reaction for catalytic action of Δ?-3-ketosteroid isomerase (KSL,E.C.5.3,3.1) with those of a corresponding nonenzymatic reaction in aqueous solution. The results show that the two catalytic acid residues,Tyr14 and Asp99, can lower the free energy of activation by 8.6kcal/mol, which is in good agreement with the experimentally predicted~9 kcal/mol,contribution of electrophilic catalyses to the whole enzymatic rate enhancement. The dienolate intermediate formed by proton transfer from the substrate carbon acid to the catalytic base residue (Asp38) ins predicted to be stabilized by 12.0 kcal/mol in the enzymatic reaction, making its formation thermodynamically favorable. It has been argued that enzymes catalyzing the reactions of carbon acids should resolve the thermodynamic problem of stabilizing the enolate intermediate as well as the kinetic porblem of lowering the free energy of activation for porton abstraction. We find that KSI can successfully overcome the thermodynamic difficulty ingerent in the nonenzymatic reaction through the electrophilic catalyses of the two acid residues. Owing to the stabilization of dienolate intermediate, the reketonization step could influence the overall reaction rate more significantly in the KSI- catalyzed reaction than in the nonenzymatic reaction, further supporting the previous experimental findings. However, the electrophilic catalyses alone cannot account for the whole catalygic capability (12-13 kcal/mol), confiming the earlier experimental implications for the invement of additional catalytic components. The present computational study indicates clearly how catalytic residues of KSI resolve the fundamental problems associated with the entropic penalty for forming the rate-limiting transition state and its destabilization in the bulk solvation environment.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.32-42
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• 2002

합성된 hexanoylthiocholine을 기질로 하여 butyrylcholinesterase와의 반응을 연구하였다. 기질의 농도 변화에 따른 초기반응속도 관찰을 통해 아실기의 탄소수가 증가함에 따라 반응성은 감소하나 $K_{m}$ 값은 0.140(mM)으로 더 강한 ES 복합체를 형성함을 알 수 있었다. Hexanoylthio-choline의 촉매화된 acetylcholinesterase 가수분해에 대한 pH-V/K profile에서 p $K_{a}$ 값 4.974$\pm$0.02을 얻었다. 이는 최근 문헌의 보고와 상통하는 것으로 p $K_{a}$ =6.2~6.4를 갖는 잔류물의 기본형에 활성이 의존하는 것으로부터 하나의 잔류물 또는 p $K_{a}$ =4.7~5.0을 갖는 잔류물들의 촉매작용으로 계통적인 자리밀림을 보여준다. 이는 촉매화된 BChE의 활성영역 esteratic site 주변에 긴 사슬 아실기의 가수분해에 관여하는 새로운 활성영역이 존재함을 밝히는 증거이다. 분자 조형은 기질의 아실기의 탄소수에 따라 acetylcholinesterase에 의해 표현되어지는 반응과정의 변화의 합리성을 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 한국과학기술원 도핑컨트롤센터와 연계하여 acetylcholinesterase와 기질인 acylthiocholine과의 입체적으로 둘러싸인 acyl-binding site를 분자 조형하고자 노력 중에 있다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.588-602
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• 2022

Various RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key components in RNA metabolism and contribute to several neurodevelopmental disorders. To date, only a few of such RBPs have been characterized for their roles in neocortex development. Here, we show that the RBP, Rbms1, is required for radial migration, polarization and differentiation of neuronal progenitors to neurons in the neocortex development. Rbms1 expression is highest in the early development in the developing cortex, with its expression gradually diminishing from embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to postnatal day 0 (P0). From in utero electroporation (IUE) experiments when Rbms1 levels are knocked down in neuronal progenitors, their transition from multipolar to bipolar state is delayed and this is accompanied by a delay in radial migration of these cells. Reduced Rbms1 levels in vivo also reduces differentiation as evidenced by a decrease in levels of several differentiation markers, meanwhile having no significant effects on proliferation and cell cycle rates of these cells. As an RNA binding protein, we profiled the RNA binders of Rbms1 by a cross-linked-RIP sequencing assay, followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction verification and showed that Rbms1 binds and stabilizes the mRNA for Efr3a, a signaling adapter protein. We also demonstrate that ectopic Efr3a can recover the cells from the migration defects due to loss of Rbms1, both in vivo and in vitro migration assays with cultured cells. These imply that one of the functions of Rbms1 involves the stabilization of Efr3a RNA message, required for migration and maturation of neuronal progenitors in radial migration in the developing neocortex.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2004

우리는 이중공명 광펌핑(double resonance optical pumping; DROP)효과를 이용하여 루비듐($^{87}$ Rb) 원자의 5P$_{3}$2/-4D$_{3}$2/와 5P$_{3}$2/-4D$_{5}$ 2/ 전이선에서 DROP 스펙트럼을 관측하고, 1.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 레이저의 주파수를 무변조 안정화하였다. 관측한 DROP 스펙트럼은 기존의 광-광이중공명(optical-optical double resonance; OODR) 스펙트럼보다 높은 신호대잡음비를 가지며, 약 10 MHz의 좁은 선폭을 갖고 있다. DROP 스펙트럼의 상대적인 세기는 자발방출에 의한 광펌핑 정도로 설명할 수 있었다. DROP스펙트럼에 안정화된 1.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 레이저의 주파수 흔들림은 샘플링 시간 0.1초에서 0.2 MHz로 측정되었고, 상대주파수 흔들림은 평균시간 100초에서 약 1${\times}$$10^{-11}$이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2005

A bacterial strain M4-7 capable of degrading various polyesters, such as poly$(\varepsilon-caprolactone)$, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), and poly(3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate), was isolated from a marine environment and identified as Pseudomonas alcaligenes. The relative molecular mass of a purified extracellular medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (MCL-PHA) depolymerase $(PhaZ_{palM4-7})$ from P. alcaligenes M4-7 was 28.0 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. The $PhaZ_{palM4-7}$ was most active in 50 mM glycine-NaOH buffer (pH 9.0) at $35^{\circ}C$. It was insensitive to dithiothreitol, sodium azide, and iodoacetamide, but susceptible to p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, N-bromosuccinimide, acetic anhydride, EDTA, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, Tween 80, and Triton X-100. In this study, the genes encoding MCL-PHA depolymerase were cloned, sequenced, and characterized from a soil bacterium, P. alcaligenes LB19 (Kim et al., 2002, Biomacro-molecules 3, 291-296) as well as P. alcaligenes M4-7. The structural gene $(phaZ_{palLB19})$ of MCL-PHA depolymerase of P. alcaligenes LB19 consisted of an 837 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 278 amino acids with a deduced $M_r$ of 30,188 Da. However, the MCL-PHA depolymerase gene $(phaZ_{palM4-7})$ of P. alcaligenes M4-7 was composed of an 834 bp ORF encoding a protein of 277 amino acids with a deduced Mr of 30,323 Da. Amino acid sequence analyses showed that, in the two different polypeptides, a substrate-binding domain and a catalytic domain are located in the N-terminus and in the C-terminus, respectively. The $PhaZ_{palLB19}$ and the $PhaZ_{palM4-7}$ commonly share the lipase box, GISSG, in their catalytic domains, and utilize $^{111}Asn$ and $^{110}Ser$ residues, respectively, as oxyanions that play an important role in transition-state stabilization of hydrolytic reactions.