• 제목/요약/키워드: Transient absorption

검색결과 97건 처리시간 0.022초

A Hybrid Control Development to Suppress the Noise in the Rectangular Enclosure using an Active/Passive Smart Foam Actuator

  • Kim Yeung-Shik;Kim Gi-Man;Roh Cheal-Ha;Fuller C. R.
    • International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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    • 제6권4호
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    • pp.37-43
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    • 2005
  • This paper presents a hybrid control algorithm for the active noise control in the rectangular enclosure using an active/passive foam actuator. The hybrid control composes of the adaptive feedforward with feedback loop in which the adaptive feedforward control uses the well-known filtered-x LMS(least mean square) algorithm and the feedback loop consists of the sliding mode controller and observer. The hybrid control has its robustness for both transient and persistent external disturbances and increases the convergence speed due to the reduced variance of the jiltered-x signal by adding the feedback loop. The sliding mode control (SMC) is used to incorporate insensitivity to parameter variations and rejection of disturbances and the observer is used to get the state information in the controller deign. An active/passive smart foam actuator is used to minimize noise actively using an embedded PVDF film driven by an electrical input and passively using an absorption-foam. The error path dynamics is experimentally identified in the form of the auto-regressive and moving-average using the frequency domain identification technique. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid control and the feasibility of the smart foam actuator.

MPS eutectic reaction model development for severe accident phenomenon simulation

  • Zhu, Yingzi;Xiong, Jinbiao;Yang, Yanhua
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제53권3호
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    • pp.833-841
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    • 2021
  • During the postulated severe accident of nuclear reactor, eutectic reaction leads to low-temperature melting of fuel cladding and early failure of core structure. In order to model eutectic melting with the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, the eutectic reaction model is developed to simulate the eutectic reaction phenomenon. The coupling of mass diffusion and phase diagram is applied to calculate the eutectic reaction with the uniform temperature. A heat transfer formula is proposed based on the phase diagram to handle the heat release or absorption during the process of eutectic reaction, and it can combine with mass diffusion and phase diagram to describe the eutectic reaction with temperature variation. The heat transfer formula is verified by the one-dimensional melting simulations and the predicted interface position agrees well with the theoretical solution. In order to verify the eutectic reaction models, the eutectic reaction of uranium and iron in two semi-infinite domains is simulated, and the profile of solid thickness decrease over time follows the parabolic law. The modified MPS method is applied to calculate Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) experiment, the penetration rate in the simulations are agreeable with the experiment results. In addition, a hypothetical case based on the TREAT experiment is also conducted to validate the eutectic reaction with temperature variation, the results present continuity with the simulations of TREAT experiment. Thus the improved method is proved to be capable of simulating the eutectic reaction in the severe accident.

Experimental assessment of thermal radiation effects on containment atmospheres with varying steam content

  • R. Kapulla;S. Paranjape;U. Doll;E. Kirkby;D. Paladino
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제54권11호
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    • pp.4348-4358
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    • 2022
  • The thermal-hydraulics phenomena in a containment during an accident will necessarily include radiative heat transfer (i) within the gas mixture due to the high radiative absorption and emission of steam and (ii) between the gas mixture and the surrounding structures. The analysis of some previous PANDA experiments (PSI, Switzerland) demonstrated the importance of the proper modelling of radiation for the benefit of numerical simulations. These results together with dedicated scoping calculations conducted for the present experiments indicated that the radiative heat transfer is considerable, even for a very low amount of steam (≈2%). The H2P2 series conducted in the large-scale PANDA facility at the Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI) in the framework of the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 project is intended to enhance the understanding of thermal radiation phenomena and to provide a benchmark for corresponding numerical simulations. Thus, the test matrix was tailored around the two opposite extremes: either gas compositions with small steam content such that radiative heat transfer phenomena can be neglected. Or gas mixtures containing larger amounts of steam, so that radiative heat transfer is expected to play a dominant role. The H2P2 series consists of 5 experiments designed to isolate the radiation phenomena from convective and diffusive effects as much as possible. One vessel with a diameter of 4 m and a height of 8 m was preconditioned with different mixtures of air / steam at room and elevated temperatures. This was followed by the build-up of a stable helium stratification at constant pressure in the upper part of the vessel. After that, helium was injected from the top into the vessel which leads to an increase of the vessel pressure and a corresponding elevation-dependent and transient rise of the gas temperature. It is shown that even the addition of small amounts of steam in the initial gas atmosphere considerably impacts the radiative heat transport throughout all phases of the experiments and markedly influences i) the monitored gas peak temperature, ii) the temperature history during the compression and iii) the following relaxation phase after the compression was stopped. These PANDA experiments are the first of its kind conducted in a large scale thermal-hydraulic facility.

Optical Properties of Oxotitanium (Ⅳ) Meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin Intercalated into the Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) Studied by Laser Spectroscopy

  • Ryu, Su-Young;Yoon, Min-Joong;Choy, Jin-Ho;Hwang, Sung-Ho;Frube, Akihiro;Asahi, Tsuyoshi;Hiroshi, Masuhara
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.446-452
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    • 2003
  • Some new nanohybrid materials have been synthesized by intercalating the oxotitanium(IV) meso-tetrakis(4- sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin$(O=Ti^{(IV)} TSPP)$ into the Zn/Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and their structures and photophysical properties have been investigated by various laser spectroscopic techniques. According to the XRD pattern of the synthesized nanohybrid materials, the macrocycle plane of $O=Ti^{(IV)}$ TSPP are grafted perpendicular to the LDH layers. The $O=Ti^{(IV)}$ TSPP-intercalated LDH exhibits band broadening of the absorption spectrum and a blue shift of Q-band as compared to that observed in solution. Resonance Raman spectral measurements demonstrate that the positively charged LDHs give rise to a slight decrease of the electronic density of the porphyrin ring accompanying a small change of the electronic distribution of the $O=Ti^{(IV)}$ TSPP. Consequently the LDH environment affects the energies of the two highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of the $O=Ti^{(IV)}$) TSPP, $a_{1u}$ and $a_{2u}$, producing a mixed orbital character. Being consistent with these electronic structural changes of $O=Ti^{(IV)}$ TSPP in LDH, both the fluorescence spectral change and the fsdiffuse reflectance transient measurements imply that the photoexcitation of the $O=Ti^{(IV)}$ TSPP intercalated into LDH undergoes fast relaxation to the O=Ti(IV) $TSPP^+-LDH^- $charge transfer (CT) state within a few picoseconds, followed by a photoinduced electron transfer between the O=Ti(IV) TSPP and LDHs with a rate constant greater than %1×10^{10}S^{-1}$. No evidence is found for back electron transfer. In conclusion, the $O=Ti^{(IV)}$ TSPP intercalated LDH seems to be a possible candidate for an artificial reaction center for an efficient solar energy conversion system.

니켈의 부동화에 관한 전기화학적 및 광학적 연구 (Electrochemical and Optical Studies on the Passivation of Nickel)

  • 김동진;백운기
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.369-377
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    • 1982
  • 염기성 용액에서 니켈표면에 생성되는 양극 산화막의 성질과 그 생성 메카니즘을 알아보기 위하여 반사율 측정과 타원편광 반사법 측정을 동시에 하는 실험방법을 이용하였다. 과도적 변화의 측정을 위하여 파라데이 효과에 의한 평면편광의 변조를 이용하여 타원편광 반사계를 자동화하였다. 높은 순도의 다결정성 니켈을 연마한 후 환원전위에서 부동화전위로 전위를 갑작스럽게 변화시켜 전기화학적으로 부동화를 유도하면서 생성되는 표면막의 반사율(r)과 타원편광 반사법 파라미터들(${\Delta},{\Psi}$)의 변화를 자동화타원편광 반사계를 사용하여 기록하였다. 생성된 표면막의 광학상수들 n,k와 두께 ${\tau}$를 결정하기 위해서 컴퓨터로 세가지 광학 측정치를 포함하는 세개의 연립방정식을 풀었다. 이러한 계산값들의 크기와 그 값들이 pH와 시간에 따라 변하는 모습을 살펴 본 결과, 니켈의 부동화는 $15{\AA}$ 미만의 얇은 표면막으로도 효과적으로 이루어질 수 있으며, 이 부동화막은 작은 흡광계수를 갖고 있는 것으로 보인다. 또한, pH가 클수록 부동화상태에 빨리 도달하며 생성된 부동화막의 구조도 더욱 치밀해지는 것으로 보인다. 실험 결과들은 부동화막의 조성은 부동화가 이루어지는 초기에는 $Ni(OH)_2$에 가까우나 시간이 경과함에 따라 부분적으로 탈수되어 NiO로 변한다는 추정과 부합한다.

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비정질 $WO_3$ 박막과 전해질 계면에서의 리튬 층간 반응의 교류 임피던스 해석 (AC impedance study on the interface between organic electrolyte and amorphous $WO_3$ thin film relating to the electrochemical intercalation of lithium)

  • 민병철;주재백;손태원
    • 전기화학회지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.33-39
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    • 1998
  • 본 연구에서는 전자-선 증발법으로 제조된 비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막과 전해질 계면에서 진행되는 전기화학반응을 1 M $LiCLO_4/PC$유기 전해질 계면에서 비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막 내부로 삽입된 리튬의 양론 값과 박막 전위의 변화에 대하여 연구하였다. 특히 복소수 임피던스 스펙트럼으로부터 제안된 박막과 전해질 계면의 등가 회로는 리튬의 층간 반응 기구가 텅스텐 산화물 박막/유기 전해질 계면에서 리튬 이온의 전하 전달 현상, 텅스텐 산화물 박막에 리튬의 흡착현상 및 박막 내부로의 리튬의 흡수 및 확산 현상으로 구성되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 CNLS fitting법에 의하여 시뮬레이션된 $R_{ct},\;C_{dl},\;D$, 및 $\sigma_{Li}$ 등의 열역학 및 속도론적 변수 값 등의 상관 관계로부터,비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막의 소. 발색 특성은 이들 변수값과 관련이 있었으며, 특히 $Li_y,WO_3$, 박막 내의 리튬의 몰비 y=0.167및 전극 전위 E=2.25 V(vs. Li)에서 전기 발색의 한계값을 갖는 것으로 조사되었다.

갑상선암 환자에 대한 방사성옥소 치료시 물리적 선량 측정 (Physical Dosimetry in Radioactive Iodine Treatment in the Patients with Thyroid Cancer)

  • 김명선;정내인;이재용;김종순;김종호;이명철;고창순;김희근;강덕원;송명재
    • 대한핵의학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.124-132
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    • 1994
  • 서론 : 방사성옥소는 갑상선암 환자에서 수술요법과 병용하여 많이 쓰이고 있으나 환자에 따라 방사성옥소 흡수량과 배설량, 암조직의 방사성옥소 섭취율이 차이가 나기 때문에 같은 양을 투여하더라도 치료효과나 부작용이 차이가 날 수 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 체내 피폭된 물리적 선량을 측정하여 치료효과와 방사선영향의 정도를 비교하였다. 방법 : 수술요법을 시행한 분화된 갑상선암 환자 27명을 대상으로 하여 100mCi 150mCi, 200mCi의 방사성옥소를 투여하고 BEL DOSIMETRY PROTOCOL에 따라 방사선량을 구하고 반대수 용지위에 혈액 리터당 투여량에 대한 백분율의 로그값, 잔류량 백분율과 시간의 관계를 그래프로 그려 베타선량과 감마선량을 구한 뒤 총 물리학적 선량을 구하였다. 결과 : 1) 100mCi 투여군에서 물리적 선량은 평균 $56.54{\pm}13.02$ rad 이었고 150 mCi 투여군에서는 $76.83{\pm}19.97$ rad, 200mCi 투여군에서는 $95.08{\pm}25.51$ rad 이었고 각 평균값 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 2) 48시간후 체내 잔류율은 평균 26.34% 이었다. 3) 전이여부와 물리적 선량과의 사이에 유의한 상관관계는 없었다. 4) 갑상선 글로불린과 갑상선 자극 호르몬, Thallium scan으로 추적 관찰한 19명중 17명이 치유되었다. 5) 백혈구, 림프구, 호중구, 혈소판 모두 4-6주에 최저치로 감소한뒤 3개월내에 회복되었다. 6) 물리적 선량과 생물학적 선량 사이에 유의한 상관관계는 없었다. 결론 : 우리나라에서 수술후 갑상선암의 치료에 통상적으로 사용하는 방사성옥소의 양(100-200mCi)은 일시적 골수부전과 경도의 염색체 이상을 초래하나 혈액내방사선 조사량이 안전용량 범위(200rad)에 속하며 48시간 후 체내잔류량은 서양인과 큰 차이가 없었다.

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