• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.237-249
• /
• 2011

Land-use changes due to the socio-economic environment influence landscape patterns and processes, which affect habitats and biodiversity. This study considers the effects of such land-use changes, particularly on the traditional rural "Maeul" forested landscape, by analyzing landscape structure and vegetation changes. Three study areas were examined that have seen their populations decrease and age over the last few decades. Five types of plant life-forms (Raunkier life-forms) were distinguished to investigate ecosystem function. Principle component analysis was used to understand vegetation dynamics and community characteristics based on a vegetation similarity index. Ordination analysis transformed species-coverage data was introduced to clarify vegetation dynamics. Landscape indices, such as area metrics, edge metrics, and shape metrics, showed that spatial heterogeneity has increased over time in all areas. Pinus densiflora was the main land-use plant type in all study areas but decreased over time, whereas Quercus spp. increased. Over a decade, P. densiflora communities shifted to deciduous oak and plantation. These findings indicate that the impact of human activities on the Maeul landscape is twofold. While forestry activities caused heavy disturbances, the abandonment of traditional human activities has led to natural succession. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the type and intensity of these human impacts on landscape heterogeneity relate differently to vegetation succession. This reflects the cause and consequence of patch dynamics. We discuss an approach for sustainable landscape planning and management of the Maeul landscape based on traditional management.

• 한국지리정보학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.95-104
• /
• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 서부지역 비무장지대(DMZ) 및 주변지역인 민통지역의 생태적 보전가치를 파악해 보며, 적정한 생태보전권역을 조사해보는데 있다. 군사분계선을 중심으로 남북 각각 10km 지역에 대해 500m 폭원의 지역에 대하여 변환식생지수(transformed vegetation index: TVI)를 이용하여 평균 식생활력도 값을 계산한 후, 거리에 따른 식생활력도 변화 양상을 파악해보았다. 또한 이렇게 분석된 결과가 로지스틱 곡선을 그릴 것으로 가정하고, 이를 이용하여 식생지수-거리함수식을 유도하여 식생활력도의 변화지역인 전이지대(ecotone)의 폭원을 분석하였으며, 식생지수값 및 전이지대 폭원을 고려하여 생태축으로서의 DMZ 및 완충지역의 적정 보전폭원을 제시해보았다. 분석결과, 첫째, 서부지역 DMZ 및 민통지역 전 지역의 TVI 분석결과 남한측이 높게 나타났으며, 남측의 경우 감소하던 TVI 값이 남한측 민통선을 지나면서 그 값의 변화가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 북한측의 경우 DMZ 내부에서부터 식생지수값이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. TVI값을 비교해 보아도 남한측은 최소값 207.16에 최대값 221.92에 이르지만, 북한측은 최소값이 188.35에 최대값이 215.32로 나타나고 있어, 북한측의 식생활력도값이 보다 낮게 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있다. 셋째, TVI-거리함수의 예측회귀식을 이용하여 계산해본 결과, 서부DMZ 남한지역의 경우 핵심보전지역과 완충지역(전이지대)을 포함하는 생태보전 폭원은 7,651m에 이르며, 서부DMZ 북한지역의 경우, 생태적으로 보전해야할 지역의 폭원은 6,855m으로 계산되었다. 하지만 TVI값의 분포가 서로 다르며, 북한측 TVI 식생활력도가 불규칙한 로지스틱 곡선을 그리고 있어, 남한과 북한을 비교하여 분석하기는 어려움을 따른다. 하지만 서부DMZ 북한지역의 경우 DMZ 내부에서 이미 TVI값이 점차적으로 감소하고 있어, 북한측의 경우 DMZ내부라고 하더라고 많은 간섭이 이루어지고 있음을 유추해볼 수 있다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제83권4호
• /
• pp.460-472
• /
• 1994

본 연구는 산림생태계(山林生態系)의 산성우(酸性雨)에 대한 민감성(敏感性)과 자정능력(自淨能力)을 분석(分析) 평가(評價)하므로서 도시내 또는 인접지역에 존재하는 삼림(森林)을 생태학적(生態學的)으로 건강하게 관리(管理)할 수 있는 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 공단지역 1개소, 상업지역 4개소, 주택지역 4개소와 외곽지역 5개소에서 강우를 조사, 측정하였고, 강우조사 장소에 인접해 있는 7개 산림지역을 선정하여 토양조사를 실시하였다. 또한 Landsat TM 데이타를 이용한 변환식생지수(TVI)로 산림 지역별 식생활력도를 분석하였다. 대전지역은 여러가지 대기(大氣) 오염물질(汚染物質)에 의해 심각하게 오염되어 있었고, 강우내 이온농도의 평균은 $SO_4{^{2-}}$ 20.16mg/l, $NO_3{^-}$ 3.65mg/l, $Cl^-$ 3.09mg/l로 나타났다. 오염물질(汚染物質) 총강하량(總降下量)은 음이온의 경우 $SO_4{^{2-}}$가 $1.09mg/m^2/month$, $NO_3{^-}$는 $0.23mg/m^2/month$, $Cl^-$가 $0.20mg/m^2/month$이었다. 양이온의 경우는 $Ca^{2+}$이 $0.14mg/m^2/month$, $NH_4{^+}$은 $0.10mg/m^2/month$이었고 $Na^+$, $K^+$와 $Mg^{2+}$는 각 각 0.08, 0.07 및 $0.08mg/m^2/month$이었다. 대전지역에서 가장 오염이 심한 지역은 공단지역으로 강우내 $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$의 농도가 각각 43.08, 3.88, 3.64ppm이었으며, 산림토양(山林土壤) 평균 pH는 4.16-4.94로 강산성(强酸性)이었다. 식생활력도(TVI)는 당산 3.11, 계족산 4.00, 보문산 4.13, 갑하산 4.18, 봉산 3.34, 식장산 4.13, 성치산 4.20으로 공단지역에 인접되어 있는 당산지역에서 식생활력도가 가장 낮게 나타났다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.36-44
• /
• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to classify forest vegetation effectively using Landsat Thematic Mapper data(June, 1994) in mountainous region. The research area was the Mt. Wolak Experimental Forest of Chungbuk National University, near Chungju and Jecheon city, Chungcheongbuk-do. To classify forest vegetation effectively, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) was used to reduce topographic effects. This NDVI was modified and transformed to the value of 0 to 255, and then the modified values were combined with other Landsat Thematic Mapper bands. To classify forest and land cover types, unsupervised classification method was used. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. Combinations of band "3, 5, NDVI" in Landsat Thematic Mapper data showed a good separation with high accuracy. The expected classification accuracy was 95.1% in Landsat Thematic Mapper data. 2. The Land Cover types were classified into six groups : coniferous forest, deciduous forest, mixed forest, paddy and grass, non-forest, and other undetectable areas. As these classified results were compared with the reconnaissance survey and aerial black and white infrared photographs, the overall classification accuracy was 76.5% in Landsat Thematic Mapper data. 3. The portion of non-forest in Mt. Wolak area was 1.9%. The percentages of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests were 30.9%, 35.7% and 26.4%, respectively. 4. As these classified results were compared with other reference data, the percentages of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests increased, but the portion of non-forest was exceedingly diminished. These differences are thought to be from the different research method and the different season of received Landsat Thematic Mapper data.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.357-366
• /
• 2008

It is certain that urbanization has transformed the ecological consequences severely, but urban ecosystem is not fully understood yet. Urban growth is not like a static form and it spreads spatially and temporally. Therefore in studying urban ecosystem, it is important to relate the spatial pattern of urbanization to ecological processes. Using gradient analysis, we attempted to quantify the urbanization's spatial impacts in Daejeon-city and Cheonan-city, Chungcheong-province, Korea. Because of Multifunctional Administrative City Planning (MACP), a lot of development projects are planned in Chungcheong-province, Korea. It's important to study about original cities' patterns and impacts. These results can be adopted to future city planning. So several measures such as fragmentation, vegetation index, surface temperature, population density, and income rate were computed along a 75km long and 3km wide transect. The results showed that Daejeon-city has a wider urban center, lower vegetation indexes, and higher surface temperature than Cheonan-city. Therefore in the perspective of urban environments and sustainable urbanism, it seems that Cheonan-city is better than Daejeon-city. The changes along the transect have important ecological implications, and quantifying the urbanization gradient is an important step in understanding urban ecology.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
• /
• pp.441-444
• /
• 2005

The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between microphytobenthic biomass and normalized vegetation index obtained from Landsat TM images. Monitoring a seasonal change of microphytobenthic biomass in the sand bar is specifically focused. Since the study area, Hampyeong Bay, was difficult to approach, we failed to obtain ground truths simultaneously on satellite image acquisition. Instead, chlorophyll-a concentration in surface top layer was measured on different dates for microphytobenthic biomass. Although data were acquired on different dates, a correlation between the field and satellite images was calculated for investigating general trends of seasonal change. NDVI and tasseled cap transformed images were also used to review the variation of microphytobenthic biomass by using Landsat TM and ETM+ images. Atmosphere effects were corrected by applying COST model. Seaweeds were also flouring in the same season of microphytobentic blooming. Songseok-ri area was minimally affected by seaweeds from February to May, and selected as a test site. NDVI value was classified into high-, moderate-, and low-grade. It was well developed over fme-grained sediments and rapidly reduced from May to November over sand bar. In this bay, correlation between grain size and microphytobenthic biomass was clearly seen. From the classified NDVI and tasseled cap transformed data, we finally constructed spatial distribution and seasonal variation maps of microphytobenthic biomass.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.177-188
• /
• 2008

Attempts to develope designation criteria for ecological protected areas were made for rational and scientific designation and management of 'ecosystem and landscape conservation areas', 'wetland protection areas', 'special islands protection areas', and 'wildlife protected areas' which have been designated and managed by the Ministry of Environment. Through analysis of the requisites and criteria of IUCN, UNESCO, Natura 2000, the Ramsar convention, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany as well as various academic researches, evaluation items of the protected areas were classified into naturalness, biodiversity, ecosystem, and scientific values. These classification titles are reflection of Korean laws concerning the 4 protected areas described above. Of these items 'naturalness' is composed of 3 factors of wilderness, geomorphology and landscape, and vegetation. 'Biodiversity' is composed of the 5 factors of species diversity, endangered species, rare species, indigenous biological resources, and habitat of wetland wild animals. 'Ecosystem' is composed of 5 factors of typicalness, diversity, rarity, restoration ability, and degree of interference. All factors are scored using a 3 point scale of high, middle, or low and are then transformed into the numerical index for designating and zoning purposes. Conclusively, it is expected that the developed methodology will be highly applicable with field verifications.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.315-328
• /
• 2011

Landsat data incorporated with additional bands-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and band ratios were used to assess the extent and rate of deforestation in the Gunung Mutis Nature Reserve (GMNR), a mountainous tropical forest in Eastern of Indonesia. Hybrid classification was chosen as the classification approach. In this approach, the unsupervised classification-iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) was used to create signature files and training data set. A statistical separability measurement-transformed divergence (TD) was used to identify the combination of bands that showed the highest distinction between the land cover classes in training data set. Supervised classification-maximum likelihood classification (MLC) was performed using selected bands and the training data set. Post-classification smoothing and accuracy assessment were applied to classified image. Post-classification comparison was used to assess the extent of deforestation, of which the rate of deforestation was calculated by the formula suggested by Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). The results of two periods of deforestation assessment showed that the extent of deforestation during 1989-1999 was 720.72 ha, 0.80% of annual rate of deforestation, and its extent of deforestation during 1999-2009 was 1,059.12 ha, 1.31% of annual rate of deforestation. Such results are important for the GMNR authority to establish strategies, plans and actions for combating deforestation.