• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.793-801
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• 1999

The purposes of this study are to assess iron status in mothers and their newborn infants at birth and to analyze the influence of maternal iron status on their newborn babies. Venous bloods samples were drawn from 144 pregnant women just before delivery and cord bloods of their newborn babies were collected immediately after birth for measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, ferritin, total binding capacity and transferrin saturation. The values of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lower in the mothers(10.9$\pm$1.43g/dl and 33.7$\pm$3.67%) than in their newborn infants(14.7$\pm$1.43g/dl and 45.3$\pm$4.76%)(p<0.0001). At delivery, serum iron levels in cord blood were about twice as high as those in the maternal blood, and serum ferritin levels in the cord blood were about four times higher than those in the maternal blood. The serum ferritin levels of multigravidas were higher than those of primigravidas,. but there was no difference between the serum ferritin levels of their infants. The serum ferritin levels of the mothers and their infants were higher in maternal group with iron supplement regularly than in other maternal group without iron supplement during pregnancy. Among the mothers, 26.4% had a serum ferritin levels below 12ng/ml(i.e. depleted iron stores)and 78.9% had a hemoglobin below 12g/dl(i.e.iron deficient anemia). When the maternal group was classified according to their serum ferritin levels by 9ng/ml, 12ng/dl or 20ng/ml, there was no significant difference in the iron status of their newborn infants among the three groups. The hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels of the mothers were well correlated with those of their babies. The maternal hemoglobin values negatively correlated with infant birth weight. It is possible that the demands of iron of the mother might be increased in the case of a newborn infant of greater size. The results of this study provide useful information regarding establishment of RDA for iron in pregnant women and guidance about the need for iron supplement during pregnancy.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-55
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary iron intake on the immune status of male college students. Twenty healthy male university students participated in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 22.6 years old, mean height was 173.3 cm and mean body weight was 68.4 kg. The mean daily iron intake of the subjects was 19.9 mg, 158.1% of the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA). The blood iron status and immune responses of the subjects were analyzed and compared between the high dietary iron group consuming more than 100% of the RDA of iron (Hi-Fe) and the low dietary iron group consuming less than 100% of the RDA of iron (Low-Fe). The serum iron concentration and percent saturation of transferrin were within the normal range in both groups. However, the Hi-fe group had higher serum iron and percent saturation of transferrin than the Low-fe group (p<0.05). When differential white blood cell counts were compared, the Low-Fe group had a lower percentage of neutrophils than the Hi-Fe group (p <0.1). The plasma IL-2 concentration, immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subsets were not affected significantly by the differences in iron intake as shown in this study. Serum iron had a positive correlation with monocyte percentage but had a negative correlation with IgM concentration. The results of this study suggest that slightly-low dietary iron intake without anemia has no effects on the cell-mediated and humoral immunities of healthy male university students. However, natural defenses, such as neutrophils and monocytes, seem to be more sensitively affected by changes in dietary iron intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.960-975
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• 1997

This study was carried out to evaluate the iron nutrition status of 212 middle school students(106 males and 106 females) residing in Seoul(13-14 years old ) using eating patterns and a measurement of anthropometrical determination and hematological indices. Fasting blood samples were taken from all subjects, serum iron (SI) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) concentrations were measured, and transferrin saturation(TS) levels were calculated. Iron and other nutrient intakes were estimated by a semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire. The level of TS(%) which was calculated with TIBC and SI in females(20.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl) was significantly lower(p<0.050 than that of males (27.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗). The prevalence of iron deficiency was found to be 36.7% when defined by TS(%) (<05%). Mean daily intake of total iron in the study subjects was 14mg and heme iron intake was 5.4mg(38.1%) . There was a significant negative correlation between the level of SI and the income level and a positive correlation with the level of TIBC and the income level. TIBC had a positive correlation with the anthropometric variables(Ht, Wt, BMI, RI and PIBW). SI and TS had a negative correlation with body fat percentage. There was a positive correlation between energy intake and TIBC only among females. The logistic regression analysis revealed that income level, body fat percentage , weight and energy intake were major determinants of low SI levels. Among the determinants of abnormal TIBC levels were weight , height, income level and energy intake. Finally , among those of low TS% were iron and energy intake and income level. These observations suggest that physical status, body fat percentage energy and iron intakes and income level are risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia among the middle school students in Seoul.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1997

To evaluate iron nutritional status of female college students, fasting blood samples were taken from 76 female students of Kangnung National University. Hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin concentrations were measured and transferrin saturation was calculated. Mean values for Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TS and serum freeitin were 13.64$\pm$1.42g/dl, 40.99$\pm$4.31%, 103.0$\pm$33.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/이, 395.3$\pm$9.07$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 26.58$\pm$9.07$\%$and 26.76$\pm$17.5ng/ml, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 6.8% when judged by Hct to 26.0$\%$ by serum ferritin concentration. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with hematocrit (r=0.5402), serum iron(r=0.2819) and transferrin saturation(r=0.2777)(p<0.05). on the other hand, serum ferritin concentration showed significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.3196). Two-day dietary intake records were collected from subjects to estimate mean daily iron intake and bioavailability of dietary iron. Mean daily intake of iron was 13.15mg and heme iron intake was 0.83mg which was 6.4% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Monsen was 1.27mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was 9.6%. In the light of high prevalence of iron deficiency based of serum ferritin concentration and low bioavailability of iron in the diet, guidelines about diet should be made to increase the content and bioavailability of iron in the diet if female college students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.575-583
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of cereal supplementation on children's iron nutritional status of Korean institutionalized was designed. Dietary survey was carried out methods of food weighting in the breakfast or/and dinner, and record interview in lunch (n=74). A nutritional intervention study was carried out through supplementing cereal for 4 weeks in 24 children of 1 institution from 4 to 12 years. The children received 3.6mg elemental Fe(as 100g cereal) per day. Blood samples were drawn before and after supplementation. Nutrients which children's intake was less than two-thirds of Korean RDA were Vit A, Vit B1, Vit B2, Ca and Fe. The mean daily intakes of iron were 5.1mg for male and 4.9mg for female and 52.3% for male and 45.4% for female of Korean RDA. The proportions of children with iron depletion assessed by TIBC(>360mg/dl) and serum ferritin(<20ng/ml) were 56.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The proportions of children with the iron deficient erythropoiesis assessed by serum iron(<70ml/dl), Hb(<12g/dl), and Hct(<36%) were 76.0%, 58.7%, and 64.0%, respectively. After cereal supplementation, in anemic children, levels of Hct(p<0.001), serum iron(p<0.001) and transferrin saturation(p<0.001) were significantly increased. The effect of cereal supplementation in children with iron deficient erythropoeisis was more effective to improve the iron nutritional status than children with iron depletion. It was concluded that cereal supplementation program in anemic children was also effective to improve iron nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of higher than normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and lower than normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in 20 patients. The hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC,), red cell distribution width (RDW), serum ferritin, serum iron (Fe) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured and the transferrin saturation were calculated. 18 (90.0%) cases were categorized as chronic diseases. Chronic renal failure, malignancy, and bleeding were all related to the cases. The mean values of hemoglobin was $9.5{\pm}2.14g/dL$; the MCV was $29.0{\pm}2.8fL$; the MCH was $30.9{\pm}1.0pg$; the MCHC was $31.2{\pm}0.5%$; the RDW was $17.0{\pm}3.6%$; serum Fe was $39{\pm}21{\mu}g/dL$; the TIBC was $219.7{\pm}108.8{\mu}g/dL$; transferrin saturation was $19.2{\pm}9.9%$ and ferritin was $445.5{\pm}499.6{\mu}g/L$ in the patients. The WHO criteria for hemoglobin of patients confirms anemia in 18 of the 20 (90.0%) cases. Anemia of chronic disease was shown in 11 (73.3%) cases; acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage in 1 (6.7%) case; iron deficiency anemia in 1 (6.7%) case; 2 patients (13.3%) were of normal cases. There were changes in the baseline Hb level results of the 19 (95.0%) cases while no change was shown in 1 case. As a result, diseases associated with anemia and bleeding where the MCV is higher than the normal range and MCHC is lower than normal range are considered relevant findings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2024

Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction that is only partly reversible, inflammation in the airways, and systemic effects. This study aimed to investigate the association between low peripheral oxygen saturation levels (SpO₂), and composite indices predicting death in male patients with (COPD). Method: A total of 140 participants with post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC ratio less than 0.7 were included. Three composite indices (ADO, DOSE, BODEx) were calculated using six variables such as age (A), airflow obstruction (O), body mass index (B), dyspnea (D), exacerbation history (E or Ex), and smoking status (S). Severity of airflow limitation was classified according to Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. SpO₂ was measured by pulse oximetry, and anemia and iron deficiency were assessed based on blood hemoglobin levels and serum markers such as ferritin, transferrin saturation, or soluble transferrin receptor. Results: Participants with low SpO₂ (<95%) showed significantly lower levels of %FEV₁ predicted (p=0.020) and %FEV₁/FVC ratio (p=0.002) compared to those with normal SpO₂ levels. The mMRC dyspnea scale (p<0.001) and GOLD grade (p=0.002) showed a significant increase in the low SpO₂ group. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis revealed higher area under the curve for %FEV₁ (p=0.020), %FEV₁/FVC(p=0.002), mMRC dyspnea scale (p=0.001), GOLD grade (p=0.010), ADO (p=0.004), DOSE (p=0.002), and BODEx (p=0.011) in the low SpO₂ group. Conclusion: These results suggest that low SpO₂ levels are related to increased airflow limitation and the composite indices of COPD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.692-702
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• 1993

To evaluate iron nutritional status and to compare biochemical indices used for evaluation of iron nutriture, fasting blood sample was taken from 96 Korean female college student and hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron, total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin concentration were measured and transferrin(TF) saturation was calculated. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied from 4.2% when judged from Hb concentration and Hct to 38.5% and 40.6% when TIBC and serum ferritin concentration were used. TIBC was negatively correlated with serum ferritin(r=0.4561, p<0.001), while other indices showed positive but less significant correlations(p<0.05). Regarding iron status judged by serum ferritin was regarded as true iron status, the present cutoff points of Hb, Hct, serum iron, TF saturation were very insensitive in identifying the subjects with iron deficiency. Only TIBC was suitable for detecting iron deficiency in the study subjects. It is concluded from the study results that iron deficiency in young Korean adult women would be significantly underestimated with presently used biochemical measurements except TIBC and new cutoff points of these indices were proposed based on sensitivity, specificity measured prevalence, and positive and negative predictive values.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 1988

Nutritional Status of 74 elderly Koreans(35 men and 39 women) from middle-income households in Incheon were evaluated in terms of dietary nutrient intakes, anthropometric measurements and biochemical blood analysis. The mean consumptions of all nutrients were lower than R.D.A except iron, thiamine and niacin. However, 25.7% of men and 33.3% of women consumed less amount of iron than 75% of R.D.A. Average body mass index of women was sightly but significantly higher than that of men (P<0.05). Obesity rate and triceps skinfold thickness of women were much higher than those of men (23.3% vs 5.4% and 14.9mm vs 9.6mm, respectively). By judging from amounts of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and transferrin saturation of the elderly, 5.6-33.3% of men and 5.0-33.3% of women seem to be possibly anemic.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1165-1173
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• 1998

The effect of oral iron supplementation was assessed on blood iron levels and Pb and Cd levels in erythrocytes, hair and urine of 101 Puchon 5th grade school children with suboptimal iron status. Treatment with 25mg of elemental iron per day for 8weeks resulted in a significant increase in the intake of most nutrients in addition to iron. Iron supplementation resulted in significant improvements in hemoglobin, MU, MCH, MCHC, serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC, and transferrin saturation of subjects(p<0.05 - p<0.01) and cocomitantly lowered Pb and Cd levels in erythrocytes, hair, and urine(p<0.01). Regression analysis showed that only iron intake contributed to significant increases in hemoglobin and serum ferritin. It seems that 25mg of iron supplementation is safe and adequate to improve iron status in school children with suboptimal iron status and it also has the benefit of alleviating Pb and Cd status. (Korean J Nutrition 31(7) : 1165-1173, 1998)