• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2013

Purpose : This study was to identify the effect of cognitive reaction following inactive electrode placement when applying anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex. Methods : For this study a total of 28 stroke patients participated. Before applying transcranial direct current stimulation, cognitive reaction was measured (P300 of event related potential, cognitive reaction time), and subjects were randomly assigned to two group. Transcranial direct current stimulation was applied to the scalp with an intensity of $0.04mA/cm^2$ for 15 minutes. All subjects were given an anode transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor area and inactive electrodes over the deltoid muscle (group I) and supra-orbital area (group II). Cognitive reactions were measured after applying transcranial direct current stimulation. Results : For this study a total of 28 stroke patients participated. Before applying transcranial direct current stimulation, cognitive reaction was measured (P300 of event related potential, cognitive reaction time), and subjects were randomly assigned to two group. Transcranial direct current stimulation was applied to the scalp with an intensity of $0.04mA/cm^2$ for 15 minutes. All subjects were given an anode transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor area and inactive electrodes over the deltoid muscle (group I) and supra-orbital area (group II). Cognitive reactions were measured after applying transcranial direct current stimulation. Conclusion : Thus transcranial direct current stimulation on the primary motor area may help cognitive reaction regardless of inactive electrode placement.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1992

Transcranial radiograph is widely used in the diagnosis of craniomandibular disorder because it can be used by the dentist with relative ease in spite of image distortion. But correct information can be obtained only when one know the image change by projection angulation. The author compared the condyle position in the 3 groups of transcranial radiographs (horizontal angulation - 0°, 5°, individualized) with that in the individualized corrected lateral tomogram by objective and subjective evaluation methods. The results were as follows: 1. Among 3 transcranial groups, the condyle position in individualized group showed the highest concordance rate with that in the tomogram group in objective and subjective evaluation methods. 2. Correlation coefficient between individualized transcranial group and tomogram group in objective evaluation method was highest (P≤0.01). 3. Image clarity in individualized transcranial group was worse than that of the other two transcranial groups.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2002

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of transcranial radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the assessment of osseous changes of the condylar head and articular eminence. Materials and Methods: Osseous changes of the TMJ were evaluated in forty-three patients. Osseous changes of the condylar head and articular eminence were observed in 41 joints and 64 joints, respectively on transcranial radiographs, and 48 joints and 59 joints, respectively on MRI. Results: The flattening, sclerosis, erosion, and osteophyte formation of the condylar heads were observed in 36.6%, 43.9%, 12.2%, and 7.3%, respectively on transcranial radiographs compared with 35.4%, 20.8%, 37.5%, and 6.3%, respectively on MRI. While, the flattening, sclerosis, and erosion of the articular eminences were observed in 26.6%, 67.2%, and 6.2%, respectively on transcranial radiographs compared with 32.2%, 59.3%, and 8.5%, respectively on MRI. Conclusion: There were no statistical differences between transcranial radiographs and MRI scans in the detection of osseous changes of the TMJ. However, MRI scans were superior to the transcranial radiographs in the detection of erosion of the condylar head (p<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.329-338
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• 1998

The authors examined the condylar position and shape of condylar process from the transcranial radiographs and polytomographs of the 130 temporomandibular joints of 65 patients who complained symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and the followings were obtained; 1. The age and sex distribution of the 65 patients showed peak incidence in 2nd decade (27.7％) followed by 3rd (18.5％) and 4th decade (18.5％) and female predominance (87.7％). 2. In polytomography 64 joints (49.2％) showed consistent condylar position from lateral to medial and 39 joints (30.0％) of them showed agreement with those of transcranial radiographs. Among the 66 joints (50.8％) which showed changes in condylar position. 48 joints (36.9％) showed agreement with lateral and central tomographic and transcranial radiographic position. 41 joints (31.5％) showed disagreement in condylar position between the polytomographic and transcranial radiographic images. 3. When the condylar position was classified as anterior, central and posterior. the posterior position was the most frequent position, that is . 42.3％ of the transcranial radiography and 42.3％.49.2％ and 38.5％ of the lateral, central and medial polytomographic radiographs. 4. In polytomography 84 joints (64.6％) showed consistent condylar shape from lateral to medial and 74 joints (56.9％) of them showed agreement with those of transcranial radiographs. Among the 46 joints (35.4％) which showed changes in condylar shape. 40 joints (30.1％) showed agreement with lateral and central tomographic and transcranial radiographic shape. 41 joints (31.5％) showed disagreement in condylar shape between the polytomographic and transcranial radiographic images.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 1999

Vasoconstriction of intracerebral arteries is the leading cause of delayed cerebral infarction and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transcranial Doppler studies show and increase in the flow velocities of basal cerebral arteries, which usually start around day 4 following a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and peaking by days 7 to 14. Angiographic studies confirm the presence of at least some degree of MCA vasospasm when the flow velocities are higher than 100 cm/sec. Mean velocities in the 120 to 200 cm/sec range correspond to 25 to 50% luminal narrowing. MCA and ACA vsospasm is detected with around 90% specificity. Sensitivity is 80% and 50% respectively. A 200cm/sec threshold and rapid flow velocity increase exceeding 50 cm/sec on consecutive days, has been associated with subsequent infarction. Transcranial Doppler is also used to monitor the effects of endovascular treatment of vasospasm. Flow velocities decrease following successful angioplasty or papaverine infusion. Overall, transcranial Doppler studies are considered to have acceptable accuracy for the evaluation of vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, with limitations that have to be taken into consideration in the clinical setting.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2010

In this study, we have been proposed the new type of a transcranial magnetic stimulation adopted a variable voltage capacitor with Cockcroft-Walton circuit and constant-frequency current resonant half-bridge inverter. This a transcranial magnetic stimulation has some merits compared with the conventional one. First, it doesn't require the high voltage transformer. And second, it has less switching losses, compact size and capability in adjusting the transcranial magnetic stimulation output energy precisely. In this paper, we have performed the output characteristics of a transcranial magnetic stimulation system which is well known as magnetic stimulation. The tested results are described as a function of pulse repetition rate and switching numbers of the half-bridge inverter.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-202
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• 2023

Purpose: We investigated the effects of transcranial stimulation and task-oriented training on upper extremity and cognitive function in chronic stroke patients. Methods: A total of 30 patients were randomly divided into transcranial stimulation and task-oriented training groups (TT) and task-oriented training groups (TO). The TT group performed 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks in task-oriented training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation. The TO group performed 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks in task-oriented training. To measure upper extremity function, the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, Manual Function Test, and Cognitive Function Test were performed using the Stroop Test and the Trail Making Test. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) before and after training in both groups, and the TT group showed significant improvement in both groups. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed transcranial stimulation and task-oriented training in upper extremity function and cognitive function in patients with chronic strokes.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2014

This study examined effect of a transcranial magnetic stimulation device with a commercial-frequency approach on the neuronal cell death caused ischemia. For a simple transcranial magnetic stimulation device, the experiment was conducted on an ischemia induced rat by transcranial magnetic stimulation of a commercial-frequency approach, controlling the firing angle using a Triac power device. The transcranial magnetic stimulation device was controlled at a voltage of 220 V 60 Hz and the trigger of the Triac gate was varied from $45^{\circ}$ up to $135^{\circ}$. Cerebral ischemia was caused by ligating the common carotid artery of male SD rats and reperfusion was performed again to blood after 5 minutes. Protein Expression was examined by Western blotting and the immune response cells reacting to the antibodies of Poly ADP ribose polymerase in the cerebral nerve cells. As a result, for the immune response cells of Poly ADP ribose polymerase related to necrosis, the transcranial magnetic stimulation device suppressed necrosis and had a protective effect on nerve cells. The effect was greatest within 12 hours after ischemia. Therefore, it is believed that in the case of brain damage caused by ischemia, the function of brain cells can be restored and the impairment can be improved by the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increased brain activity on the muscle endurance and the effect of brain activation through the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise on elderly woman. Methods : To investigate the effect of the muscle endurance on right leg, muscle endurance was evaluated by measuring the surface EMG of the muscles of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscle. Results : There was a significant difference in the pre and post comparisons of muscle endurance on rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior muscle (p<.05). Difference of Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise group median frequency was smaller than control group (p<.05). There was not a significant difference in the pre and post comparisons of muscle endurance on biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscle. Difference of Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise group median frequency was showed a similar pattern. Conclusion : Through these results, It was found that increasing the brain activity by the transcranial direct current stimulation improves the exercise capacity on the elderly women. Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise maybe applied as an effective treatment for improving muscular endurance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.123-136
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to decide the diagnostic value of transmaxillary and transcranial projection in the evaluation of mandibular condyles. Five dry skulls with intact anatomic structure were selected for this study and the artificial osteophytes were attached to 9 different are as of the mandibular condyle. Ninety transcranial and forty-five transmaxillary radiographs were taken and then the radiographs were evaluated three times. The results were as follows; In transcranial radiographs, superocentral osteophyte was easily observed in closing state than in opening state (p<0.05). But there were no significant differences in other locations (p>0.05). The osteophytes on the medial and central portion easily observed at the transmaxillary projection than transcranial projection (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference on the lateral portion (p>0.05). The osteophytes on the superior (p<0.01) and posterior (p<0.01.) portion were easily observed at the transmaxillary projection than transcranial projection, but there was no significant difference on the anterior portion (p >0.05). The more laterally located osteophytes (p<0.01) at the transcranial projections were easily observed. The more posteriorly located osteophytes (p<0.05) at the transmaxillary projections were easily observed.