• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-46
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• 1998

Background and Objectives : Singers, the vocal equivalents of Olympic athletes, may present with vocal dysfunction in the singing voice before adverse effects are noted in the speech mode. For the classically trained singers, any imbalance in the respiratory, laryngeal or resonatory subsystems may manifest first in technical compensations. Therefore it is necessary that baseline values be available in order to differentiate technique related dysfunction from abnormalities within the phonatory system. Materials and Methods : Vocal efficiency measures were collected from 55 classically trained singers and 20 untrained adults. All singers was divided into 3 groups : (1) Singers who have normal larynx with out voice symptoms. (2) Singers who have vocal nodule without voice symptoms. (3) Singers who have vocal nodule with voice complaints. Results and Conclusion : Results were compared with each other. Differences in each group wert found, suggesting the need for separate normative data to be used for the evaluation of the classically trained singers.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2006

Background and Objectives : Training of breath support and laryngeal muscles control are important components in the development of the singing voice. The purpose of this study is to compare characteristics of respiratory and phonatory control on pitch, loudness, register change with untrained males and trained male singers. Materials and Methods : The 11 untrained males and 11 trained male singers participated. Closed Quotient(CQ), fundamental frequency (fo) and relative volume contribution of the rib cage (in percentage rib cage, % RC) and relative volume contribution of abdomen (in percentage abdomen, % AB) were measured during various pitch, loudness, register tasks using /a/ vowel phonation : Legato, staccato with C3-D3-E3-F3-G3 notes and crescendo and decrescendo with C3 note as well as modal register with C3 and falsetto register with C4 note using an integrated analysis system of Respiration, EGG and Voice. Results : (1) When pitch increased with legato task, loudness also increased in untrained male group but maintained in trained male singers. CQ was also increased both untrained and trained male singers but it was not significantly different ($p>.05$). The abdomen contribution to lung volume were significantly predominant both in inhalation and exhalation in trained males singers ($p<.05$). (2) When pitch increased with staccato task, CQ was not significantly different in untrained but significantly different in trained male singers. The respiratory function of male singers were characterized by significantly predominant abdomen contribution to lung volume in exhalation except for inhalation ($p<.05$) (3) When loudness increased with crescendo, fo was significantly increased with increasing CQ in untrained males but fo was relatively consistent with increasing CQ in trained male singers. The respiratory function of male singers were characterized by significantly predominant abdomen contribution to lung volume in exhalation except for inhalation ($p<.05$). (4) Most male singers were able to change register from modal to falsetto register, but untrained males were not. Thus, CQ was significantly different between modal and falsetto register in trained male singers ($p<.05$). The respiratory function of male singers were characterized by significantly predominant abdomen contribution to lung volume in exhalation except for inhalation ($p<.05$). Conclusion : Male singers were superior to untrained males in coordination of respiratory and phonatory control on pitch, loudness, register change. Implication are offered regarding how the results might be applied to the voice therapy as well as singing training.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.111-128
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• 2003

Aerodynamic study is valuable information about the vocal efficiency in translating airflow to acoustic signal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between trained singers and untrained controls under different two pitch by simultaneous using the airway interruption method and electroglottography (EGG). Under singing a Korean lied 'Gene', 20 (Male 10, Female 10) trained singers were studied on two one-octave different tone. Mean flow rate (MFR) , subglottic pressure (Psub) and intensity were measured with aerodynamic test using the Phonatory function analyzer (Nagashima Ltd. Model PS 77H, Tokyo, Japan). Closed quotients (Qx), jitter and shimmer were also investigated by electroglottography using Lx speech studio (Laryngograph Ltd, London, UK). These data were compared with those of normal controls. MFR and Psub were increased on high pitch tone in all subject groups. Statistically significant increasing of Qx and intensity were observed in male trained singers on high pitch tone (Qx;p = .025, intensity;p < .001). Beacasue of increasing of Qx and intensity, vocal efficiency was also significantly increased in male singers (p < .001). The trained singers' phonation was more efficient than untrained singers. The result means that the trained singers can increase the loudness with little changing of mean flow rate, subglottic pressure but more increasing of glottic closed quotients.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 1999

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles are well known to be important for the classical singers. We tried to elucidate any differences in the function of above muscles between trained and untrained singers by non-invasive surface electromyography(EMG). Four trained sopranos and four untrained singers sang vowel /i/ at different pitch(E3, G3, C4, E4, G4, C5, E5, G5, C6). The EMG activities of the suprahyoid, infrahyoid and omohyoid muscles were measured using surface electrodes. In trained singers, infrahyoid muscle activities increased more than those of suprahyoid in most of pitch. To the contrary, in untrained singers, the pattern of EMG activities were variable among each subjects and the EMG activities of suprahyoid muscles were relatively greater than those of infrahyoid.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : The most important two factors of the voice production are the respiratory function which is the power source of voice and the glottic closure that transform the air flow into sound signals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between trained singers and untrained controls under varying intensity at a constant vocal pitch by simulataneous using the airway interruption method and electroglottography(EGG). Materials and Methods : Under two different intensity condition at a constant vocal pitch(/G/), 20(Male 10, Female 10) trained singers were studied. Mean flow rate(MFR), subglottic pressure(Psub) and intensity were measured with aerodynamic test using the Phonatory function analyzer. Closed quotients(CQ), jitter and shimmer were also investigated by electroglottography using Lx speech studio. These data were compared with that of normal controls. Results : MFR and Psub were increased on high intensity condition in all subject groups but there was no statistically significance. Statistically significant increasing of CQ. were observed in male trained singers on high intensity condition (untrained male : 51.31${\pm}$3.70%, trained male :55.52${\pm}$6.07%, p=.039). Shimmer percent, one of the phonatory stability parameters, was also decreased statistically in all subject groups(p<.001). Conclusion : The trained singers' phonation was more efficient than untrained singers. The result means that the trained singers can increase the loudness with little changing of mean flow rate, subglottic pressure but more increasing of glottic closed quotients.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2000

Background and Objectives : The Voice Range Profile(VRP) is a two-dimensional graphic dysplay of an individual's amplitude range as a function of total fundamental frequency range. It is designed as a maximum performance test which can be used as a general indicator of voice problems in the non-professional voice and as a sensitive indicator of problems with the professional voice. The purpose of the study is to obtain a baseline VRT for the classical professional singers and compare it with the normal nonsinger's profile. We also compared the difference of VRP between the classical professional singers who have normal vocal fold and who have vocal folds lesions without dysphonia. Materials and Methods : The VRPs were elicited. from 42 trained classical singers(Soprano 26, Mesosoprano 5, Tenor 9, Bariton 2) and 20 untrained nonsingers(female 10, male 10) using Voice Range Profile Model 4326(Kay Elemetrics USA). The mean values for phonational range with highest and lowest pitch level and range of voice intensity with maximum and minimum intensity level were compared between classical singers and nonsingers. Results and Conclusions : The frequency range and dynamic range were significantly increased for the classical singers in comparison to the nonsingers. But there was no significant difference were found for the VRP between the parts in the classical singers. The classical singers who have vocal fold lesions showed slightly decreased VRP compared to those with healthy vocal folds.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2002

It's not easy to produce very high tones during singing for not only untrained ordinary people but also even trained singers. To get high singing tones from the low tones, some trained singers used to use a distinguished singing technique, Passaggio (vocal register transition). The purpose of this study is to compare several voice parameters variation between when to sing with using the passaggio technique and to sing without using it. We selected 18 male singers (tenor 8, baritone 10), who had more than 7 years of experience and were well trained in passaggio technique. Simultaneous measurements of fundamental frequency (F0), mean flow rate (MFR), intensity (I), and subglottal pressure (Psub) were performed using the phonatory function analyzer (Nagashima). For the tenor, target tones /a/ were presented: 1) easy phonation: $B_{2}$, 2) high tone without passaggio: F$#_{3}$ 3) high tone with passaggio: F$#_{3}$. For the baritone, target tones /a/ were presented: 1) easy phonation: G$#_{3}$, 2) high tone without passaggio: D$#_{3}$, 3) high tone with passaggio: D$#_{3}$. F0 of the target tones between non-passaggio group and passaggio group was almost the same in both tenor and baritone groups. Intensity of the non-passaggio and passaggio vocalization was much louder than that of easy phonation and pasaggio was louder than non-passaggio vocalization (especially statistically significant in baritone singers). MFR of the passaggio vocalization was greater than non-passaggio vocalization in both tenor and baritone group, but statistically significant only in baritone. Psub of the passaggio vocalization was greater than that of the non-passaggio vocalization in both tenor and baritone group, but statistically not significant in tenor.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.124-129
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• 1999

1) 음성 장애를 호소하지 않는 성악인 50명중 여자는 59% 남자는 50%에서 후두스트로보스코피상 성대 병변이 발견되었다. 2) 성종별로는 소프라노에서 가장 성대 병변의 발생률이 높았다(66.7 %). 3) 최장발성 지속시간은 성악인의 경우 성대 병변에 관계없이 일반 정상인에 비해서 증가되어 있었으며 특히 정상 성대를 가진 여자 성악인에서는 일반인에 비해 통계적으로 의의 있게 증가되어 있었다. 4) 기본진동수, 기본진동수 표준편차, 기본진동수변 이들은 성악인이 일반인에 비해 안정되어 있었고, jitter. PPQ는 성악인이 성대 병변이 있더라도 일반인에 비해 감소되어 있었으며, 특히 남자 성악인에서는 통계적으로 유의하게 감소되어 있었고, Shimmer. APQ 역시 성악인이 성대 병변이 있더라도 일반인에 비해 통계적으로 의의 있게 감소되어 있었다.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to examine the influence of vocal training on internal respiration in order to develop an efficient method of singing phonation. Five males trained singers (age:$25.0{\pm}1.4years$, career:$6.8{\pm}1.1\;years$) and five female trained singers (age:$22.0{\pm}1.0years$, career:$5.8{\pm}1.2\;years$) participated in this study. $SaO_2$(Oxi Hemoglobin saturation) was measured by Oxy-Pulse meter while $P_ACO_2$ (Pressure Alveolar $CO_2$) was measured by Quick et $CO_2$ before and after 2-minute, 4-minute and 6-minute vocal training. Result showed that $SaO_2$ was within a normal range after vocal training but $P_ACO_2$ came out lower than the normal range (36-40mmHg) after vocal training which led to Hypocapnia. This caused the singers to experience some headache and dizziness.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2007년도 한국음성과학회 공동학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.261-264
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• 2007

Five males trained singers (age:25.0${\pm}$1.4years, career:6.8${\pm}$1.1 years) and five female trained singers (age:22.0${\pm}$1.0years, career:5.8${\pm}$1.2 years) participated in this study. SaO2(Oxi Hemoglobin saturation) measured by Oxy-Pulse meter and PAC02 (Pressure Alveolar Co2) measured by Quick et CO2 are compared with pre and post vocal training. As the result, PAC02 was lower than normal range (36-40mmHg) after vocal training, leading to Hypocapnia. This causes headache and dizziness