• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.784-793
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• 2012

This paper deals with subcarrier allocation strategies for soft hand-over in OFDMA-based cellular systems. Two possible subcarrier allocation methods are considered for soft hand-over. One method is to use an identical subcarrier set between the two cells participating in the hand-over. The other is to use different subcarrier sets between the two cells. As expected, the different subcarrier strategy is better in terms of diversity order and BER than the identical subcarrier strategy. It will be shown that the BER performance difference between the two strategies is more noticeable with contiguous subcarrier allocation. But the different subcarrier strategy consumes twice more frequency resources than the other, and there is a trade-off between the two strategies in terms of BER and frequency resources. By considering the trade-off, we also propose a subcarrier allocation strategy for soft hand-over.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.33-50
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• 2010

The Incoterms, short for "International Commercial Terms," have been widely used as International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms since 1936. The Incoterms have been revised six times in order to adapt them to contemporary commercial practice. The current version is Incoterms 2000. The revised version of Incoterms 2000 will be published in the fourth quarter of 2010 and will be effective from January 1st 2010. The first and second draft of Incoterms 2010 have been carried out by a small global Drafting Group, representing seven nationalities and various areas of substantive expertise. In this paper, I reviewed the main contents in the 2nd Draft of Incoterms 2010. This paper contributes to help the parties concerned to understand the new changes from Incoterms 2000 and to choose the appropriate trade term.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.45-74
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• 2024

The import content of export (ICE) has served as an indicator of global integration for several decades. It is defined as the share of imported products embodied in exports and can be interpreted as the relative degree of the utilization of global production network (GPN) over the domestic supply chain (DSC) in terms of 'value-added.' This paper proposes two new indicators of global integration. They are defined as the ratios of imports (foreign products) to gross output (domestic products) generated by exports and can be interpreted as the relative degrees of the utilization of GPN over DSC in terms of 'production.' Both indicators are easy to compute and can be compared between years, between countries, between industries, and between groups of industries. The paper applies the new indicators to the recent edition of the OECD's Input-Output Database. Finally, the paper shows that the recent slowdown in international trade is mostly due to the decrease in the international trade of intermediate goods, with significant implications regarding the future of global integration.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 2017

The purpose of this research was to develop a typology of fair-trade apparel consumers and present a clear overview of the influence of product knowledge on consumer behaviors. A two-step cluster analysis was used to classify respondents into sub-groups based on their level of self-perceived knowledge and purchase experience. In addition, ANOVA was used to test the predictive validity of the cluster solution. Income was the only demographic variable that significantly differed across groups. The more familiar and more experienced group had higher income than the other groups. Psychographic data showed that attitudes and moral norms varied across groups. The more familiar and more experienced group had more positive attitudes and higher level of moral norms than the less familiar and less experienced group. In terms of behavioristic data, groups differed significantly in purchase intentions and willingness to pay more for fair-trade apparel. That is, the more familiar and more experienced group was willing to pay more and had higher purchase intentions than the less familiar and less experienced group. Overall, the level of product knowledge and purchase experience were considerably low. This study thus confirmed the need to increase consumers' familiarity related to fair-trade apparel products.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.72
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• pp.115-137
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• 2016

Trade can be greatly influenced by the change of international trade environment due to the characteristics of remote transactions. Furthermore, in the circumstance of emphasizing the national security again, the importance of the risk management of special materials has been increasing. As it was noted at Chapter 4, significant results such as the threat of enterprises' sustainable growth can be occurred when companies are related to the unlawful export of strategic materials or experience discouragement of export of main products. As the decision of strategic materials greatly depend on a specialized knowledge there is a possibility of misjudgement of strategic materials in terms of ordinary companies which is not accustomed to them. Furthermore risk management is more difficult due to the inclusion to the items of export license. To prepare such a risk of export of strategic materials, firstly, it should be checked to find whether counter traders are working in the industry which is not related to the spread of weapons of mass destruction, secondly, an appropriate process shall be designed and operated for products to be safely delivered to the trade counter. Therefore, our export enterprises have to introduce CP(Compliance Program), AEO or ISO28000 considering suitability for their actual situations not only to promote export and but also to avoid risk of export control and additional expenses. Through these appropriate processes, an efficient and effective management of the trade risk of strategic materials can be accomplished.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.17-33
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• 2003

The explosive growth of the internet-based transactions requires not only a secure payment system but also an appropriate trust measuring methodology and secure transaction protocols to guarantee the minimal risk for the transacting entities involved in specific transactions. Especially, in internet auction systems where either buyers or sellers or both can be more than one in one transaction, providing those systems that make sure no one transacting entity takes a major risk becomes critical. In this paper, an improved trust measuring method using a relationship-based internet community for an auction system is proposed. The proposed system incorporates fuzzy set and calculation concepts to help build trust matrices and models, which is used to measure the level of risk involved in a specific auction trade concerned. Also, to optimize the auction trade process in terms of cost and time, the proposed system recommends a differentiated trade protocol according to the risk level involved in each auction trade. To test the appropriateness of the proposed trusted auction system, a prototype system has been developed under a Windows-NT environment.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2020

Since the economic crisis sweeps across the world in 2008, the foreign direct investment of various countries has been greatly impacted. Therefore, this paper regards China as an example to analyze China's outward foreign direct investment patterns in terms of Asian financial markets with a panel data over the period 2003-2017. We mainly focus on the money market oriented outward foreign direct investment and foreign exchange market oriented outward foreign direct investment. Using the individual fixed effect model to conduct empirical analyses, the empirical findings indicate that China will reduce its foreign direct investment amount to a country with large money supply and China will increase its foreign direct investment amount to a country with large foreign exchange reserves. Furthermore, when a country has signed Free Trade Agreement with China, China will increase more foreign direct investment amount to these countries than that of a country who has not signed Free Trade Agreement with China. Moreover, the empirical findings indicate that no matter what the money market oriented outward foreign direct investment or foreign market oriented outward foreign direct investment, China will reduce its foreign direct investment amount to these Asian countries due to the global economic crisis.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.303-325
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to determine optimal transportation routes through the comparison of Korean - European transportation routes of automotive parts and to suggest information that can be utilized in Korea - Europe trade activities or trade route selection by establishing multipath. This study analyzed the direct transportation cost, inventory cost, and warehouse inventory cost of the sea and TSR / TCR railroad transport based on characteristics of automotive parts logistics and multimodal transportation. Also, this study identifies the most effective transportation route from the viewpoint of total logistics cost. In addition to the economic factors, we conducted an in-depth analysis through interviews with corporate executives to identify the importance of the factors with the behavioral factors, and the reliability was further secured through interviews. Through this study, it is possible to understand various aspects of international logistics by analyzing the factors of transportation choice in terms of economic and behavioral perspectives concurrently by differentiating from existing research.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.161-161
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• 2022

Despite the impressive development of water infrastructure and management in recent decades, Korea still faces a number of threats to water security owing to such factors as climate change. This puts the country at the top spot amongst the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in terms of water stress. It is suggested that increasing food imports and decreasing domestic food production can contribute to water and land savings and in extension, to increased water and land security. This study therefore aimed at analyzing the impact of virtual water import through food trade on the water and land savings in Korea. It was concluded that over the period 2000 - 2017, significant amounts of national water and land was saved through the importation of major upland crops. In addition, we estimated the virtual water trade (VWT) that refers to the trade of water embedded in food products. The results showed a significant increase in the amount of virtual water traded over the study period.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.137-153
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• 2020

On February 14, 2019, the government of Korea formally decided to consider the feasibility of joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and has since been conducting bilateral consultations with individual member countries. In terms of the impact estimation, the CPTPP is actually a Korea-Japan FTA, and the most sensitive issue in the FTA is the opening of the auto industry market to Japan. Despite these circumstances, previous studies have predicted that the auto industry will be a beneficiary industry when joining the CPTPP. However, the Korean auto industry is opposed to joining the CPTPP. In order to investigate the cause of this discrepancy, this paper examines the problems of previous studies in estimating the impact of joining the CPTPP and found that the preceding study did not consider the industrial characteristics of the auto sector, especially in the context of Japan-Korea trade, and was heavily dependent on the Armington elasticity (structure) in the demand function of the GTAP CGE model. As a result, the domestic auto sector could lower prices and increase exports when joining the CPTPP. This paper attempts to precisely re-estimate the impact of joining the CPTPP on the auto sector in a way that corrects these problems by changing the CGE model and reflecting the major characteristics of the industry, with policy implications for the negotiation of CPTPP accession.