• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.183-215
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to study of WTO regulations related FTA such as Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) 1994 and General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS). In this study, the First introduced FTA rules of WTO in the chapter 2. The WTO agreement includes the "General Agreement on Tariffs an Trade(GATT) 1994". This instrument, known as "GATT 1994", is based on upon the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade referred to as "GATT 1947". The Second analyzed the relations between FTA and Article XXIV of GATT 1994 in the chapter 3. The Article XXIV of GATT 1994 is an agreement between the distinctive members for liberalizing trade. The Article XXIV of GATT 1994 is consist of three parts such as customs unions, free-trade area, and interim agreements that WTO is referred to as "Regional Trade Agreement(RTA)". There is a difference between the customs unions and the free-trade area. In the customs unions rules, the members should have the same tarifficatio and the same trade provision against non-members, but in the free-trade are a rules, the member is not necessary to have the same tarifficatio and the same trade provision against non-members. But, the both rules have a liberalization of trade in a common as a revoking tariffs and the government regulations for interfering with trade. In this case, however, the both rules include an inconsistency ele ment under WTO rules such as Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment(MFN) and National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation(NTITR). This study reviewed neither inconsistency nor consistency on the both rules with the RTA of WTO under Article XXIV of GATT 1994. The Third analyzed the relations between FTA and Article V of GATS under WTO in the chapter 4. The GATS is a rule of WTO for the growing importance of trade in services for the growth and development of the world conomy. The GATS is a new rule rather than GATT's rule for concerning goods trade. The Article V of GATS under WTO is a rule that makes based on upon the Article XXIV of GATT. Therefore, If it is to be examined the Article V of GATS, it should be referred to a and an interpretation of the text of the Article XXIV of GATT. However, the Article V of GATS is on the undeveloped stage compare to the Article XXIV of GATT. Because, the statistics of WTO showed that the RTAs under the Article XXIV of GATT have 150 cases completed between nations, but the RTAs under the Article IV of GATS have 10 cases completed between nations. The Forth examined the interpretation of FTA rules under WTO in the chapter 5. Concerning the consistency issue of customs unions and free-trade area under the Article XXIV of GATT, the working parties in customs unions and in free-trade area have been reviewed the consistency is sue which had been not if to GATT. However, the parties finished to get up with one accord the both that are a consistency of argument and an inconsistency of argument with the interpretation of the Article XXIV of GATT. The interpretation of the Article XXIV of GATT has been raised as the issues when EEC by Rome Treaty established in 1957. However, the consistency is sue only agreed 6 working parties out of 69 working parties finished the reviewing of the interpretation up to the end of 1994. Also the consistency issue concerned with the special privilege measure of the customs unions and tree-trade area under the Article XXIV of GATT discussed only 3 cases between working parties up to now and did not accepted as an issue for working parties' report. In conclusion in the chapter 6, this study raised the issues of WTO that are a conference of a new round under WTO and the issues of clarity between FTA rule and WTO regulation.

• 한국사회정책
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 2016

This study evaluates the strategic capacity of Korean labor union movement by examining policy alternatives and strategic steps that the Federation of Korean Trade Unions and the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions have shown in response to Park Geun-Hye government's labor market structuring policies. While the government-led labor reform was carried out as intended, organized labor has not simply failed to achieve progressive labor reforms to enhance employment security, but also to exert their strategic capacity effectively for preventing Park's labor market flexibilization policies. The two national centers have not been able to exert their strategic capacity (such as intermediating, framing, articulating, learning) for mobilizing the resources of internal solidarity, network embeddedness, narrative discourse, and organizational infrastructure. In particular, the formation and diffusion of public discourse is a significant part of strategic capacity of labor unions dealing with the labor politics of labor market restructuring, since organized labor, which is under the unfavorable constraints of limited movement resources and power imbalance with the business circle, needs to mobilize massive support and participation from union members and civil society organizations. In this light, it becomes of more importance for labor union movement to exert their strategic capacity toward internal solidarity and network embeddedness in the stage of labor market reforms. Under the recent stage of labor reforms, however, the labor unions has not harnessed their movement resources effectively, but undertaken their protest in a traditional manner, thereby losing its public efficacy from inside and outside. Moreover, it is necessary to build and activate the network of organic solidarity among organized labor, civil society organizations and progressive political parties, in order to cope with the pro-business coalition of power elites for accomplishing pro-labor reforms.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.105-137
• /
• 2013

This paper proposes to examine the relationship between the two trade unions of Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) - those of the regular workers and of the in-house subcontract workers - around the issue of converting irregular workers to regular ones, which has been a social issue for a long time, and, furthermore, to find a desirable solution. The politics of the in-house subcontracting rotate around three axes: the conflictive collusion between the company and the regular workers'union regarding the internal labor market; the exclusion and resistance between the company and the subcontract workers'union; and the solidaristic conflict relationship between the two unions. After the final decree by the supreme court in 2012 the conflict and collusion/solidarity relationship of the three social actors have been amplified in scale - the continuous limping of the special bargaining between the company and the unions, the intensified conflict between the company and the subcontract workers'union, and the crisis of the collusion between the branches of the two unions are all evidence of this. A clue to the solution to the issues of in-house subcontracting in HMC can be found through reestablishment of the relationship among the three actors. In order to solve the in-house subcontracting issues in HMC, phased and lawful switching from irregular to regular positions, improvement of working conditions for the irregular workers, integration of the two unions (realization of 'one company one union'), and negotiated flexibility in the internal labor market will be required. Also to be considered are installation of a special committee for the issue, and utilization of external consultants. The result would be the possibility for the corporate labor market of HMC to be composed of regular workers, legal contract workers and directly-employed contract workers, which could be realized through bilateral relations of 'the labor and management conflict partnership'.

• Journal of Labour Economics
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.37-65
• /
• 2013

This study compares the return to seniority and experience among different groups of workers. Skilled workers in large company appear to enjoy the biggest seniority premium, while non-regular workers and small company workers hardly have any. Trade union did not have significant effect. Return to experience increased especially in large firms. Nonparametric model specification test shows that the biases for returns to seniority and experience of 30 years to be between -25~29%, and -42%~6%, respectively.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2015

This paper examines the effect of impulsiveness of euro on Indian stock market. In order to examine the problem, we select rupee-euro exchange rates and S&P CNX NIFTY and BSE30 SENSEX to represent stock price. We select euro as it considered as second most widely used currency at the international level after dollar. The data are collected a daily basis over a period of 3-Apr-2007 to 30-Mar-2012. The statistical and time series properties of each and every variable have examined using the conventional unit root such as ADF and PP test. Adopting a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponential GARCH (EGARCH) model, the study suggests a negative relationship between exchange rate and stock prices in India. Even though India is a major trade partner of European Union, the study couldn't find any significant statistical effect of fluctuations in Euro-rupee exchange rates on stock prices. The study also reveals that shocks to exchange rate have symmetric effect on stock prices and exchange rate fluctuations have permanent effects on stock price volatility in India.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
• /
• 2000.06a
• /
• pp.211-241
• /
• 2000

This study explores building process of innovative capability through overseas direct investment (ODI) by taking the camera business of Samsung Aerospace Industry (SAI) as a case. SAI with less than 20 years history has pursued an aggressive ODI and developed its own camera models. It acquired Rollei in Germany and Union in Japan in 1995, for acquiring advanced technology. Several factors leading to the success of SAI's innovative cability building were taken into consideration. First, SAI effectively absorbed technological knowledge by exchanging technical personnel with foreign partners. Second, it chose right partners with the complementary knowledge required for advancing its technological capability. Third, it strengthened its competrnce to satisfy the technical standards of the partner dompanies in OEM trade relations. Fourth, it successfully formed a global marketing network in which subsidiary companies plays a central role in each region. Finally, SAI successfully addressed the factors of mutual respect between partners in order to let its partners to be confident in their ventures.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.145-170
• /
• 2000

This study explores the building process of innovative capability through overseas direct investment (ODI) by taking the camera business of Samsung Aerospace Industry (SAI) as a case. SAI with less than 20 years history has pursued an aggressive ODI and developed its own camera models. It acquired Rollei in Germany and Union in Japan in 1995, for acquiring advanced technology. Several factors leading to the success of SAI's innovative capability building were taken into consideration. Fists, SAI effectively absorbed technological knowledge by exchanging technical personnel with foreign partners. Second, it chose right partners with the complementary knowledge required for advancing its technological capability. Third, it strengthened its competence to satisfy the technical standards of the partner companies in OEM trade relations. Fourth, ti successfully formed a global marketing network in which subsidiary companies plays a central role in each region. Finally, SAI successfully addressed the factors of mutual respect between partners in order to let its partners to be confident in their ventures.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.38-41
• /
• 2008

Fish is a major source of protein for the Senegalese population. Fishing plays a dominant role in the Government's policy towards generating employment. It currently generates about 100,000 direct jobs (fishermen) for nationals, of which more than 90% are in small-scale fishing. The fishing industry also contributes to Government revenue through different agreements. In addition to associated dues, fishing agreements imply a series of economic, trade and technical counterparts. Under the latest fishing agreement concluded by Senegal and the European Union (1997-2001), direct financial compensation amounts to about CFAF 32 billion. Despite its economic and social importance, the sector has to face serious disequilibria both in resource exploitation and market supply: the coastal demersal (deep lying fish) stocks with high market value (mostly exported) are fully and even over-exploited, with a serious risk of local market supply shortages looming ahead as the fishing effort shifts from locally consumed species to export-oriented ones.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.221-251
• /
• 2018

Two-tier wage systems mean the dual wage systems that the new wage system require the new future employees to get much lower wage level, compared to the level of wages for existing employees under the existing wage system. While it allows employers to benefit from low-cost advantages, the two-tier wage systems is definitely a type of wage discrimination by the collusion between management and trade unions in that it forces the new future employee to accept the low wages. Also it reflects extreme collectivism which old union members try to keep having their jobs and wages at the sacrifice of future members' wages. The two-tier wage systems had been introduced by airplane industry in 1980s and introduced again in Big Three auto companies in 2007. The purpose of this paper is to examine the history, contents, and details of two-tier wage system in the United States and to think of the possibility of recurrence of the systems in the context of Korean auto industry in the near future. The tentative findings from this paper implies that the two-tier wage systems will likely happen in Korean auto industry because the collusion between trade unions and management are found easily and the degree of extreme collectivism favored by the old permanent union members is seriously high. It is time for trade unions to go back to their original ideals and purposes and to revitalize solidarity among workers.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.57-68
• /
• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to classify that the quality factors for comparing the Visegrard Group with the Nordic Council have historical similarities against Germany and the Soviet Union. However, this is because in the integrated European market, the competitiveness possessed by the two groups of countries is invested in the priority order to grow. Research design, data, and methodology - The study was conducted on the research design, and the reason for trying to compare the competence of the automobile industry in the assessment of industrial capability is that the Visegrard Group focuses on automotive production and the Nordic Association focuses on the commercialization of the automobile(market). In this study, searching and quantifying indirect evidence was made through standards are more complementary in Europe since each country acts like the role of the European automotive industry for example, which is different from the realistic evaluation criteria, are more important than those of the United States(first in the world) or Germany(first in Europe). Results - The results of this study are as follows: In the global EV market U.S.(export: $ 2.62 billion /share: 36.7%), Germany($ 1.29 billion /18.1%), France($ 390 million /5.4%), United Kingdom($ 380 million /5.4%), and South Korea($ 320 million/ 4.4%). South Korea's share of the EV market is 4.4%, while TSI reaches at +0.9 which measures the comparative advantage of a specific commodity in the world trade market. There is great potential for evaluated as products processing in export competition. But, commercialization, standardization, and overall market expansion did not have a positive impact on global satisfaction. Conclusions - EVs put importance on various utilities. So this suggests that Korea's exports to the EU, including the Visegrard Group, should be more focused on marketability when illuminating with a sharing industrial system under the European Union. It is necessary to specialize in manufacturing and commercialization by country(region) to prepare sharing economy and blockchain in order to create a smart-sharing city linked on artificial intelligence, as the commercialization of electric vehicles, which will have a larger growth rate than that of manufacturing in the fourth revolutionary era.