• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.68-92
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• 1995

Recentry the structure of the retail trade have been chanaed with its environmantal changes. Some studies may be necessary on the changing process of environment and fundamental structure analyses of the retail trade. This study analyzes the location of retail trades, inhabitants' behavior in retail tredes and their desirable utilization scheme of them in Kwangju-si. Some study methods, contents and coming-out results are as follows: 1. Retail trades can be classified into independent stores, chain-stores (supermarket, voluntary chain and frenchiise system and convenience store), department stores, cooperative associations, traditional, markets mail-order marketing, automatic vending and others by service levels, selling-items, prices, managements, methods of retailing and store or nonstore type. 2. In Kwangju, the environment of retail trades is related to the consumers of population structure: chanes in consumers pattern, trends toward agings and nuclear family, increase of leisur: time and female advances to society. Rapid structural shift in retail trade has also been occurred due to these social changes. Traditionl and premodern markets until 1970s altere to supermarkets or department stores in 1980s, and various types, large enterprises and foreign capitals came into being in 1990s. 3. The locational characteristics of retail trades are resulted from the spatial analysis of the total population distribution, and from the calculation of segregation index in the light of potential demand. The densely-populated areas occurs in newly-built apartment housing complex which is distributed with a ring-shaped pattern around the old urban core. The numbers and rates of the aged over sixty in Kwangsan-gu and the circumference area of Mt.Moodeung, are larger and higher where rural elements are remarkable. A relation between population distribution and retail trade are analysed by the index of population per shop. The index of the population number per shop is lower in urban center, as a whole, being more convenient for consumers. In newly-formed apartment complex areas, on the other, the index more than 1,000 per shop, meeting not the demands for consumers. Because both the younger and the aged are numerous in these areas, the retail trade pattern pertinent to both are needed. Urban fringes including Kwangsan-gu and the vicinity of Mt.Moodeung have some problems owing to the most of population number per shop (more than 1, 500) and the most extensive as well. 4. The regional characteristic of retail trade is analyzed through the location quotient of shops by locational patterns and centerality index. Chungkum-dong is the highest-order central place in CBD. It is the core of retail trades, which has higher-ordered specialty store including three big department stores, supermarkets and large stores. Taegum-dong, Chungsu-dong, Taeui-dong, and Numun-dong that are neiahbored to Chungkum-dong fall on the second group. They have a central commercial section where large chain stores, specialty shopping streets, narrow-line retailing shops (furniture, amusement service, and gallary), supermarkets and daily markets are located. The third group is formed on the axis of state roads linking to Naju-kun, Changseong-kun, Tamyang-kun, Hwasun-kun and forme-Songjeong-eup. It is related to newly, rising apartment housing complex along a trunk road, and characterized by markets and specialty stores. The fourth group has neibourhood-shopping centers including older residential area and Songjeong-eup area with independent stores and supermarkets as main retailing functions. The last group contains inner residential area and outer part of a city including Songjeong-eup. Outer part of miscellaneous shops being occasionally found is rural rather than urban (Fig. 7). 5. The residents' behaviors using retail trade are analyzed by factors of goods and facilities. Department stores are very high level in preference for higher-order shopping-goods such as clothes for full dress in view of both diversity and quality of goods(28.9%). But they have severe traffic congestions, and high competitions for market ranges caused by their sma . 64.0% of respondents make combined purpose trips together with banking and shopping. 6. For more efficiency of retail-trading, it is necessary to induce spatial distribution policy with regard to opportunity frequency of goods selection by central place, frontier regions and age groups. Also we must consider to analyze competition among different types of retail trade and analyze the consumption behaviors of working females and younger-aged groups, in aspects of time and space. Service improvement and the rationalization of management should be accomplished in such as cooperative location (situation) must be under consideration in relations to other functions such as finance, leisure & sports, and culture centers. Various service systems such as installment, credit card and peremium ticket, new used by enterprises, must also be carried service improvement. The rationalization and professionalization in for the commercial goods are bsically requested.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.449-454
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• 2000

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management. On the basis of an systems ecology perspective, this suggests the sustainable development of Korea\`s natural environment and economic activity using the EMERGY evaluation. The total EMERGY use(7,730E20sej/yr) in Korea is 81 percent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. Continued availability of purchased inputs at a favorable balance of EMERGY trade, currently about 2.85 to 1 net EMERGY, tis the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net EMERGY of purchased inputs including fossil fuels goes down. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.23 and 20.30, respectively. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 2.2 million people, compared to 45.9 million in 1977. EMERGY sustainability index is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Until now the development of a country has been achieved by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems. the efficiency of energy usage, and the transformation of the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.119-141
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• 2015

With the rapid spread of social media, video-sharing social media like YouTube has emerged as a consumption and distribution channel for entertainment goods such as music videos and movie trailers. In tourism research, there has been a lot of research of how the visual media such as movies and soap operas induced tourism. However, no studies have attempted to examine the role of social media as a music consumption channel and its impact on tourism. Expanding a body of media-induced tourism, we analysed the impact of video-sharing social media on music-induced tourism with a case of Korean pop music and inbound tourism to Korea. Developing a Web-crawler, we collected YouTube users' comments data on 166 Korean pop music video clips which were released from 2009 to 2012 with over 1 million view counts. Controlling many of the determinants of tourism and analysing country-by-country impact of YouTube comments with the panel data, we found that engagement of Korean pop music video clips on YouTube is a significant predictor for the flow of inbound tourists to Korea.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.53-73
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• 2010

SCEM is the concept of reducing environmental effect on the outside of purchasing and manufacturing process, delivery, and distribution process. An ultimate aim of SCEM are obtaining environmental stability and energy/materials operational efficiency. Although the importance of greening supply chain was highlighted, former researches were often based on case studies of specific industry and didn't provide clear definition of environmental supply chain management which includes fundamental notions for business practitioners. This study focuses on findings how the SCEM system practically run and what the characteristics of SCEM is in Korean firms through case studies. It is suggested that SCEM is more effective for environmental management rather than by making limited eco-innovation. Korean firms have considered that an international environmental regulation is more important than customers' needs for environmental goods for implementing SCEM.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2019

Purpose - This study examines the status of franchises and qualifications for franchising business, examines the franchising qualifications focusing on overseas cases, and suggests policy directions for strengthening the qualifications of franchising business. In order to achieve these purposes, the study reviewed the cases of USA, China, Australia, and United Kingdom franchising business law. Literature Review - According to the Fair Trade Commission, franchise is defined as a transactional relationship in which a franchiser provides certain support and education to franchisees in order to sell their goods and services more effectively. In addition, a franchise is a legally and financially independent business of franchisers and franchisees, and according to the concept of affiliates, it is necessary to define a franchise as a product and service marketing based on close and continuous collaboration. A franchiser can be defined as a company with the ability to develop a franchise system, create sustainable value based on it, and replicate "KNOW-HOW" to sellers. Case Study - This study examined the requirements for establishing a franchiser in the United States, China, Australia, and United Kingdom. In most countries, the requirements of franchisers must be operated for at least one year, which means that education, manual production, and continuity of stores should be checked. Suggestion - Based on Korea's population density and consumption sales index, we propose a screening system that registers through 2 + 1 systems, which require two stores to be operated for more than a year, by dividing Korea's commercial rights into two and a screening system instead of simple registration. In the case of a small franchisors, at least one franchsing retail store must be operated for at least one year, which should be applied to only one brand.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.424-432
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• 2008

This paper presents theoretical explanations about the spill-over effects of domestic production of light rail transit and empirically investigates its effects on output, value-added and employment in the Korean economy. We distinguish net gains of domestic production from gross effects that bring about whether localized or imported cars are used. The input-output analysis is employed to fully capture the interaction among various industries involved. The empirical results reveal that net gains of domestic production such as import substitution, improvement of trade balances, and increase in output, value-added and employment are enormous. The cost reduction in construction, E&M systems, cars, management, and tariff and transportation is also significant.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.23-50
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• 2010

This study is that the manufacturer's sales policy power appeared on the source of local distributors through the sale willingness impact on research for coexistence between the manufacturer and dealer sales for developing policy. Dealers in terms of the sale of regional sales willingness says "manufacturers and retailers to connect to the regional distribution on the path to regional sales representative for manufacturers based on trust companies that supply products or products manufactured by local retailers for about a unilateral will sale whether the continued willingness and indicates the degree of business". This study topics are the results of this measure will sell a total of 24 entries are four factors. In variety sales policy of each power source, First, sales policy in Reward Power, compensatory power as the manager of promotion support, sales support and sales activities will significantly impact respectively. Second, sales policy of Coercive Power, reduction of credit limits act as an element of discontent and the sales will appear in the negative hypothesis of the influence was partially supported. Third, sales policy in Referent Power, the information trust, the most significantly impact of trade policy, respectively. Fourth, sales policy in Professional Power, delay time delivery of goods, sales of our product and sales knowledge will have a significantly effect appear to be related.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.240-248
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• 2005

To implement a globally harmonized system of classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS) in Korea, an interminsterial GHS working group involving 6 ministries established an expert working group composed of 7 experts from relevant organizations and one private consultant to prepare an officialKorean GHS version by March, 2005. As such, the translation and review of the official Korean GHS version, including annexes, started in October, 2004 and was completed on March 15, 2005. The official Korean GHS version has now been posted on the websites of the relevant ministries and organizations to solicit public opinions. The official Korean GHS version will be finalized after a public hearing scheduled forMay, 2005. Collaborative efforts as regards implementing and disseminating the GHS in Korea will be continued to avoid any confusion or duplication and for effective use of resources. The globally harmonized system of classifying and labeling chemicals (GHS) was originally adopted in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), as subsequently reflected in Agenda 21 chapter 19. The work was coordinated and managed under the auspices of the Interorganization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals(IOMC) Coordinating Group for the Harmonization of Chemical Classification Systems (UNCEGHS). The technical focal points for completing the work were the International Labour Organization (ILO); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); and United Nations Economic and Social Council's Subcommittee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UNSCETDG). The work was finalized in October 2002, and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg on 4 September 2002 encouraged countries to implement the new GHS as soon as possible with a view to having the system fully operational by 2008 (UN, 2003). Implementation has already started with pilot countries introducing the system to their national practices in different regions of the world. The GHS text, called the purple book, becameavailable as a W publication in early 2003. The GHS text, called the purple book, becameavailable as a UN publication in early 2003. The GHS system will be kept dynamic, and regularly revised and made more efficient as experience is gained in its implementation. While national or regional governments are the primary audiences for this document, it also contains sufficient context and guidance for those in industry who will ultimately be implementing the national requirements that will be introduced (UN, 2003). The Japanese government published their official Japanese GHS version, the first in Asia, in April 2004 after starting work in January 2003 based on an interministerial chemical coordination committee involving 7 ministries, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, and Ministry of Environment (MOE, 2004). Accordingly, similar to the Japanese GHS efforts, this paper presents the interministerial efforts involved in publishing the official Korean GHS version.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

Since the September 11, 2001, transnational crimes and terrorism have increased, the importance of border security has been emphasized and integrated CIQ capability has been required. The U.S., Canada, and Australia are consolidating CIQ to strengthen border security, focusing on strengthening travelers and goods immigration control and airports, ports and land border security. In 2003, the U.S. established the Customs and Border Protection(CBP) under the Department of Homeland Security. Canada also established the Canada Border Services Agency(CBSA) under the Public Safety Canada in 2003. The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service was integrated with the Department of Immigration and Border Protection(DIBP) and the Australian Border Force was established in 2015. However, Korea operates a distributed border management system for each CIQ task which is unable to respond to complex border threats such as illegal immigration, entry of terrorists, smuggling of drugs, and gun trade in the airports, ports and land borders. In order to solve this problem, it is possible to consider integrating sequentially the customs and quarantine services which have high similarities, and to integrate the entire CIQ tasks with the Korea Customs Service delegated to the immigration control duties in the mid to long term. There is also a plan to benchmark the CIQ single accountability agencies in the U.S., Canada, and Australia in accordance with the Korean situation and to establish a new integrated border security organization.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.54-95
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the effects of the increase in online shopping and its effects on real-world commercial outlets. The empirical analysis of this study is based on the results of "Census on Establishments" and "Online Shopping Survey" that cover 15 years, from 2002 to 2016. According to the results of this study, the increase in the number of online transactions affects the decrease in the number of stores in the real-world retail sector. However, non-specialized large stores and chain convenience stores showed an increase in the number of stores. In addition, the number of F&B stores increased the most in line with the increase in online transactions. This is because the increase in online transactions and in internet users led to the use of more delivery applications and the introduction of popular places on blogs or through social media. Street-level rents for medium and large-sized locations increased. In other words, it is seen that the demand for differentiated real-world stores that provide a good user experience increases, even though online transactions also increase. These results suggest that real-world stores should provide good user experiences in their physical locations with a certain size and assortment of goods.