• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain information regarding classification and health hazards that may result from a 13-week inhalation exposure to 2-methylpentane by Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials: The testing method was conducted in accordance with OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals No. 413. The rats were divided into four groups(ten male and ten female rats in each group) and exposed to 0 ppm, 290 ppm, 1,160 ppm, 4,640 ppm 2-Methylpentane in each exposure chamber for six hours per day, five days per week, for 13 weeks. Results: No death or particular clinical presentation including weight change and change of feed rate was observed. The relationships between dose, gender and response were also not significantly changed in urinalysis, hematologic examination, or biochemical examination of blood(except for total cholesterol being up, total protein being up, and chloride ion being down in males), and blood coagulation time. For the relative weight measurement of organs, in the male group the weight change of both kidney and liver were increased in proportion to dose. In histopathological examination, nephropathy in the kidney(cystic change of renal tubules, regenerative tubule, inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis in the interstitial tissue) was increased in a dose-dependent manner in the male group(290 ppm, 1,160 ppm, 4,640 ppm). However, other organs were not affected by the test substance. Conclusions: 2-methylpentane was estimated as a chemical causing nephropathy in the male group. NOAEL(No Observable Adverse Effect Level) in the female group is more than 4,640 ppm, while inthe male group it is less than 290 ppm.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1986

Acute toxicity study was conducted on a Hepatitis B vaccine (Hepaccine-B-inj.) with mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, in accordance with the norms suggested by the F.D.A. in U.S.A. Dose ranges were 2 doses/mouse, 5 doses/guinea pig, 10 doses/rabbit. They received the vaccine subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. Thereafter, all animals injected were observed of general signsdaily, and of body weight for two weeks. At the end of the observation period (or at the time of death), all animals received the highest dose group were autopsied and gross observation was made on various organs and tissues. No significant toxicity was noted.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.133-136
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• 1995

HRccine(HFRS-virus vaccine) was administered subcutaneously or intragastrically to Spargue Dawley rats and subcutaneously to Japanese white rabbits to investigate the acute toxicity. $LD_50$ values were above 600 times the expected clinical dose in both animals. There were no differences in body weight changes, clinical signs and autopsy findings between all treated groups and control group in both animals. Therefore, it was concluded that HRccine is a very safe substance.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.323-325
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• 1997

Ag-Os, water treatment agent, was administered orally to ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the acute oral toxicity. $LD_{50}$ values were above 5 g/kg, 2,000 fold higher than the expected concentration in water, in both species with oral administration. There were also no differences in body weight changes, clinical signs and atopsy findings between all treated groups and control group. Therefore, it was concluded that Ag-Os is a very safe compound.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.529-536
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• 2004

Innovated technique to inactivate microorganisms has been developed. This technique uses plasma discharge in 2-phase (Air-Water). Dielectric Barrier (two phase) Discharging system is able to produce new oxidants for microorganisms. Products from discharging are $HNO_2$, $NO_2{^-}$, $HNO_3$, $NO_3{^-}$ and ozone but many other radicals can be generated as well. DBD water has low concentration of ozone (about 0.5mg/L), $NO_2{^-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ (about 10mg-N/L, 20mg-N/L respectively) and lots of $H^+$. These products play an important role in oxidation. Oxidation power by KI titration methods is approximately equivalent to $50mg-O_3/L$. Surprisingly stored DBD water could oxidize KI and maintain stable pH (about pH3) even after several days. Stored DBD water for 5 days has also more than 4log disinfection power to E. coli. However, DBD water cannot be used for drinking water directly due to it's toxicity. Additional process to neutralize pH and decrease toxicity must be applied.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.281-291
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• 2022

Objectives : In this study, acute oral toxicity test of pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts was conducted in order to up-cycling to a high value-added industry using by-products discarded in the production process of Schisandra chinensis products and active ingredients such as dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in Schisandra chinensis. Methods : Pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts were orally administered to SD-rats(female, n=3) without a control group according to the 'OECD guidelines'. After, mortality and clinical signs were observed, and the deceased animals were subjected to an autopsy. In addition, acute oral toxicity test was sequentially performed in step I (300 mg/kg), step II(300 mg/kg), step III(2,000 mg/kg), and step IV(2,000 mg/kg) according to the mortality. Results : There were no abnormalities caused by pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts in step I and step II. However, one animal each died in step III and step IV. In addition, clinical signs(salivation, decrease in food intake, prone position, decrease of locomotor activity, loss of locomotor activity, convulsion, hypothermia, lacrimation, staining around mouth, soiled perineal region, reddish urine, chromaturia, decrease of fecal volume, lying on side, blackish stool, no stool, compound-colored stool, refusal to feed, excitement, hypersensitivity, rigidity, dorsal position, etc.) were observed. But, no clinical signs were observed from 5th day, and experiment animals recovered completely. Conclusions : As a result of this study, pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts may exhibit acute toxicity at concentrations of 2,000 to 5,000 mg/kg, and the GHS classification was designated as 'Category 5'.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2022

Smilax sieboldii is one of the Smilax species. A number of Smilax plants have long been used in traditional medicine in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. Repeated dose oral toxicity test is an essential experiment for toxicity evaluation before efficacy evaluation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate toxicity and the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) using oral administration of Smilax sieboldii extract (SSE) in male and female ICR mice for 4 weeks. SSE was orally administered daily for 4 weeks at a dose of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day (MPK). There were no significant differences in mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, food intake, hematological analysis, serum clinical chemistry test and relative organ weights in all animals administrated with SSE. The results obtained in this study suggest that SSE did not show any toxic effect in ICR mice and the NOAEL of SSE was regarded as over 2000 MPK.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1153-1162
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• 2016

Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim is a well-known wild edible mushroom in the southern region of China. Novel cerebrosides, termed termitomycesphins, isolated from EtOH extract of T. albuminosus have shown significant neuritogenic activity. Neurotrophic factors have been targeted as potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, before expanding their applications to include food or therapeutic agents in Korea, a safety evaluation of T. albuminosus is needed. Herein, in a repeated-dose 90-day oral toxicity study, rats were exposed to a basal diet of powder ground from dried T. albuminosus at dose levels of 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, and 0%. The following endpoints were evaluated: clinical observation, body weight, gross and microscopic pathology, clinical chemistry, and hematology. Significant dose-dependent increases in the weight of the left kidney were observed, possibly due to the test substance. Based on toxicity-decision criteria for minor compound-related changes (no observed adverse effect level [NOAEL] and no observed effect level [NOEL]), NOAEL was observed in male rats at a dose of 5% of dried T. albuminosus powder, and NOEl was observed in female rats at the same dose. The results point to the safety and potential use of T. albuminosus as a nontoxic neurotrophic factor.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.120-136
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• 2002

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate Acute and Subacute Toxicity, and Anti-cancer Effect of H Herbal-acupuncture on mice and rats. Methods : Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with H Herbal-acupuncture for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague-Dawley rats were experimented in the same way for subacute toxicity test. H Herbal-acupuncture was injected into abdomen of mice having S-180 cancer cell line. Result : 1. During the test, $LD_{50}$ could not be counted since there was no expired subjects. 2. In an acute toxicity test, the loss of motility and reflex action was observed, but weight increased in the treatment group, compared with those in the normal group (P<0.05). 3. In an acute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of mice, glucose increased in the treatment group II while total cholesterol was increased in the all treatment groups (P<0.05). 4. In a subacute toxicity test, a little loss of motility and reflex action was observed in the treatment group. Weight of mice in the treatment group decreased on the 28th day. 5. In a subacute toxicity test, liver weight was decreased but lung weight of mice increased in the all treatment groups (P<0.05). 6. As a result of measuring Complete Blood Count test (CBC) of rat, HCT was decreased in treatments even though it was not significant, compared with the normal group (P<0.05). 7. In a serum biochemical value test of subacute toxicity, total protein and albumin decreased in the all treatment groups. Creatinine, glucose, GOT increased in the treatment group I compared with the control group. Alkaline phos-phatase decreased in treatment II group, compared with the control group (P<0.05). 8. Median survival time that was measured in the rats treated with sarcoma-180 cancer cell Median decreased in the treatment group, compared with the control group (P<0.05). 9. Natural killer cell activity showed significant reduction at 100:1 and 10:1 E/T ratio while it increased at 50:1 E/T ratio. It is inferred that there was an error in the experiment (P<0.05). 10. In an interleukin-2 productivity test, even though it decreased in lung cancer, and increased in abdomen cancer, but it was only a small difference (P<0.005). 11. After injecting B16F10 cell into a capillary vessel of C57BL/6 mice and generating metastasized lung cancer, the lung was examined with the naked eye. It was not possible to see metastasized cancer in the all groups on the seventh day but the cancer was viewed on the fourteenth day. The number and volume of metastasized cancer in the treatment group enlarged in the treatment group, compared with the control group. Conclusion : According to the results, H herbal-acupuncture took no effects in cancer.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.21
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• 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been changing the paradigm of cancer treatment. However, immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) have also increased with the exponential increase in the use of ICIs. ICIs can break up the immunologic homeostasis and reduce T-cell tolerance. Therefore, inhibition of immune checkpoint can lead to the activation of autoreactive T-cells, resulting in various irAEs similar to autoimmune diseases. Gastrointestinal toxicity, endocrine toxicity, and dermatologic toxicity are common side effects. Neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity are relatively rare but can be fatal. ICI-related gastrointestinal toxicity, dermatologic toxicity, and hypophysitis are more common with anti- CTLA-4 agents. ICI-related pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, and myasthenia gravis are more common with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Treatment with systemic steroids is the principal strategy against irAEs. The use of immune-modulatory agents should be considered in case of no response to the steroid therapy. Treatment under the supervision of multidisciplinary specialists is also essential, because the symptoms and treatments of irAEs could involve many organs. Thus, this review focuses on the mechanism, clinical presentation, incidence, and treatment of various irAEs.