• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.285-303
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• 2020

A military is not an organization that seeks profits, such as a company, or a research institute whose results and outcomes can produce. Therefore, it can be said that the nature of the bureaucracy is stronger than any other organizations, which perform the task centered based on ranks. In addition, as military missions deal with national and operation security which is closed with each other and more conservative compare to other organization. In this circumstance, the role of military organization and leaders is to carry out their duties with the cost of people's lives, and indeed, leades and leadership in military are more important than those of any organizations. However, many researches are lacking or focused on leadership research in a limited field, especially positive field, developmental, constructive leadership research and researches that are not focused on that area are limited. Already in the United States, research on negative leadership has been actively conducted under the direction of the Secretary of US Army Thomas E. White in 2003, how toxic leadership is serving in military organizations and on the battlefield. Now they realize how toxic leadership had impact on missions in military organizations and on the battlefield. The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze qualitative and quantitative data on the negative leadership of military organizations that have not been studied. The aim of this study was to establish a literature study on the scope and behavior of toxic leadership among negative leadership and to build empirical data on toxic leaders of current military organizations, and to create occupations that occur when subordinates work with toxic leaders. This study analyzes changes in satisfaction and organizational cohesion that mediates results and causes. This study will be more urgent and important for groups that prioritize groups and organizations over individuals, and it may provide new directions for the role and impact of military leaders from attempting these studies.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2017

Previous studies have found that firefighters have a tenfold higher prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) compare to the general population. Firefighters are constantly exposed to various occupational hazards including toxic chemicals of fire residue and the toxic chemicals can effects development and progression of PD. Nevertheless, there were no studies about the association between exposure to chemical byproducts of combustion and the development of PD among firefighters. Thus the aim of this study is to look into existing researches regarding the effect of chemical byproducts of combustion on the development of PD. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify harmful chemical components of smoke and fire residue, using the PubMed database during November of 2016. We searched for relevant articles by combining several keywords that contained "Parkinson's disease" and each of the different toxic chemicals, yielding a total of 1401 articles. After applying the selection criteria, 12 articles were chosen. Chemical substances reported to have a harmful effect on PD, in at least one article, were carbon monoxide, toluene, manganese and lead. Carbon monoxide and metal substances including manganese and lead were found to be associated with an increased PD risk in more than two articles. There was a heightened risk of PD in firefighters due to exposure of chemical byproducts of combustion including carbon monoxide, toluene, manganese and lead. However, to the best of our knowledge, to support this result we need more systematic epidemiological studies about these risk factors of PD among firefighters. In addition, further studies for the effects of prolonged exposure to toxic fire residue on the development and progression of PD in firefighters are needed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2016

The ecotoxicity tests for metal plating wastewater were conducted using Daphnia magna (D. magna) and Euglena agilis (E. agilis). Evaluation for sources of toxicity was performed by 1) Correlation analysis between the concentration of individual metals in the metal plating wastewater and the toxic effects on D. magna, 2) Toxicant identification evaluation methods including graduated pH method, EDTA procedure and sodium thiosulfate procedure, 3) Comparison of toxic effect value ($EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$) of individual metal on D. magna and it's concentration in the metal plating wastewater. To evaluate the possibility of E. agilis, a Korean domestic organism, as a test model organism for metal plating waste water, E. agilis toxicity test was also assessed using on-line euglena ecotoxicity system (E-Tox system). Based on toxicant characterization test using D. magna, it was expected that SS, oxidants and heavy metals are responsible for toxicity of metal plating waste water. Especially Cu, Hg, and Ag were the major cationic metals that caused toxicity. E. agilis is less sensitive than D. magna based on the $EC_{50}$ value however it shows prompt response to toxic test substances. E. agilis shows even a significant effect on the cell swimming velocity within 2 min to toxic metal plating wastewater. Our study demonstrates that E. agilis test can be a putative ecotoxicity test for assessing the quality of metal plating waste water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2007

The global environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate, despite of enhanced international environmental regulation. Many studies have been performed to reduce toxic pollutants. Recently, plant-based phytoremediation technology for moving toxic contaminants from soil and water has been receiving large attention. Arsenic-contaminated soil is one of the major pollutant sources for drinking water. Pteris erotica has been known as a hyper-accumulator of arsenic from soils. In this study, we investigated the effect of arsenic absorption on sap flow inside xylem vessels of Pteris. The synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique was employed to monitor the refilling process of water containing arsenic inside the xylem vessels of Pteris's leaves and stems non-invasively. The captured phase-contrast X-ray images show both anatomy of internal structure and transport of water inside Pteris. The exposure of Pteris to arsenic solution was found to increase largely the water raise speed in xylem vessels. The present results would provide important information needed for understanding the mechanisms of accumulation and transportation of toxic materials in plants.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2000

So far, investigation of environmental pollution has been achieved in field study. This remains the most exhaustive approach, current dimensions of environmental researches and their inherent complexity require that relatively inexpensive and simple laboratory procedures are developed to make possible the screening of large numbers of sites and samples. At this point. microbioassay has been high-lighted. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the water pollution using microbioassay. Two microbioassay methods were optimized and validated for the sensitive and quantitative determination of total toxic effects in the water. EROD(Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) microbioassay was focused to detect PARs, PCBs and dioxinlike components in the water and E-screen assay to xenoestrogens. The EROD microbioassay was executed in rat hepatoma cell line, H4IIE and E-screen assay in MCF7-BUS cell line. Kumho river was selected for this study. 5ι of river water was extracted using combined solid-phase extraction in static adsorption mode with soxhlet extraction. Pollutants adsorbed to the XAD-4 resin were recovered by elution with ethyl acetate and methylene chloride (1 : 9). Toxic effects of extracts were determined by EROD-microbioassay and E-screen assay. EROD activities of water samples were 7.24-72.24 ng/ι MEQ. The estrogenic effect of various water samples is quantitatively evaluated by EEQ. The EEQ of samples range from 0.05 to 6.07 ng-EEQ/ι. These results suggested that Kumho river was highly polluted with organic toxic chemicals.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

This study was conducted to analyze the priority of environmental problems in Korea by investigating the environmental professionals' perception. The delphi technique was applied to identify their risk perception towards some specific items related with pollution. A standardized questionnaire on environmental problems and their priorities was used to 74 subjects. In the questionnaire, the environmental problems were divided into the general ones,9 items, and the specific ones,30 items. Also, the perception was associated with two points of view which were the risk on general human health or ecosystem, and on the present situation in Korea. The priority of risk from general environmental problems on human health or ecosystem was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution', 'air pollution', 'soil contamination', 'waste', 'toxic chemical pollutants', 'food contamination', 'ocean contamination', 'odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. The priority of risk on the present situation in Korea was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution','air pollution','waste','toxic chemical pollutants','food contamination','soil contamination','ocean contamination','odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. And these priorities were significantly related with the characteristics of respondents such as sex, age, and major concerned area. However, for the first five priorities of risk from the specific environmental problems on human health or ecosystem, the environmental professionals agreed with 'automotive vehicle exhaust', 'domestic and industrial source pollutants to surface water', '$CO_2$nd g1oba1 warming effect','toxic air pollutant' and 'industrial source air pollution'. The priorities of risk on the present situation in Korea were similar to these results.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.13-18
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• 1996

In this study, contact lens care solutions were compared to each other for cytotoxic effect on cultured mouse fibroblasts by the use of neutral red(NR) assay. This study tested the cytotoxicity of 12 cleaning solutions, 2 lubricants and 5 multipurpose solutions(MPS) at 1%, 2%, 3% and 5% concentrations. These solutions are manufactured in Korea and foreign countries. The relative cytotoxic comparison of these solutions showed that some of them are toxic, three of the cleaning solutions were especially highly toxic 10 cells, so most fibroblasts were dead at 1% concentration. The toxic cleaning solutions have more components than other solutions. But both lubricants and MPSs are non-cytotoxic 10 cells. Some of these solutions did not have any descriptions or indications. They are very dangerous to eyes. From this study, contact lens care solutions should be tested for cytotoxic effects.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 1999

'Gunja' is attributable to the plant Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). Three forms with red, brown and another with white seeds are known to occur in this species and are employed for different therapeutic uses viz. as purgative, emetic, aphrodisiac, tonic and also as an abortifacient. According to some Ayurvedic literature the seeds are poisonous and should be given to the patients after proper processing ('Shodhan'). A comparative study of various phytochemical parameters, namely, percentage of successive extractives, total proteins, tannins, total ash and acid insoluble ash of these three forms of the processed (with cow's milk and Kanji) and unprocessed seeds was done. TLC and densitometric scanning of successive extractives was also carried out to serve as markers for processed and unprocessed seeds. The percentage of proteins, tannins, alcohol and water soluble extractives decreased in the processed material. Besides, their acute toxicity, CNS activity were also studied in albino mice and it was found that white seeds are more toxic as compared to the red and brown. The toxic effect was reduced with the processing. Further, the 'Kanji' processed seeds are less toxic than the milk processed one.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.31-41
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• 2008

Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis(TEN) are severe mucocutaneous reaction which are most frequently caused by drugs. Although the incidence of SJS and TEN is known to be relatively low, outcomes may be fatal. A systematic approach is required because morbidity rate is currently increasing and oral lesion is frequent. We investigated the clinical features and outcomes of 6 patients diagnosed as SJS and TEN and referred from the department of dermatology, Chonnam National University Hospital for oral care. Ketoconazol, Ofloxacin, Chlorphenesin, Amoxicillin, Pontal, Harnal, and Ciprofloxacin were suspected as the causative drugs. Average treatment period was 3.2 weeks, and two patients were referred to 'burn-patients' hospital. Most of oral lesion were cured be normal tissue, but scares with discoloration were observed. For intraoral management, antibiotic disinfection and steroid application were performed according to systemic treatment principles. Additionally, ingestion of zinc, antioxidants, and vitamin was recommended. The establishment of oral treatment principles is demanded because it has not been yet. Also, through investigation of drug side effect and careful prescription are required.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.116-123
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• 2000

The purpose of this work was to investigate the induction of stress shock proteins (SSPs) in Burkholderia sp. YK-2 in response to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12 to benzoate, 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA), 4-hydroxybenzoate, and biphenyl. The SSPs, which contribute to the resistance of the cytotoxic effect of the toxic aromatic compounds including 2,4-D and 4-CBA, were induced at different concentrations of the compounds in exponentially growing cultures of Burkholderia sp. YK-2 or Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12. This response involved the induction of a 43 kDa DnaK and 41 kDa GroEL proteins in Burkholderia sp. YK-2, characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot using the anti-DnaK and anti-GroEL monoclonal antibodies. In Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12, 70 kDa DnaK and 60 kDa GroEL proteins was induced as SSPs, respectively. The total SSPs were analyzed by 2-D PAGE. Survival of Burkholderia sp. YK-2 or Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12 with time in the presence of different concentrations of the compounds was monitored, and viable counts paralleled the induction of the SSPs in these strains. Cells treated with the increased concentrations of toxic compounds showed some destructive openings on the cell envelopes.