• 제목/요약/키워드: Total solid

검색결과 1,768건 처리시간 0.026초

Conversion of organic residue from solid-state anaerobic digestion of livestock waste to produce the solid fuel through hydrothermal carbonization

  • Yang, Seung Kyu;Kim, Daegi;Han, Seong Kuk;Kim, Ho;Park, Seyong
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.456-461
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    • 2018
  • The solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) has promoted the development and application for biogas production from biomass which operate a high solid content feedstock, as higher than 15% of total solids. However, the digested byproduct of SS-AD can be used as a fertilizer or as solid fuel, but it has serious problems: high moisture content and poor dewaterability. The organic residue from SS-AD has to be improved to address these problems and to make it a useful alternative energy source. Hydrothermal carbonization was investigated for conversion of the organic residue from the SS-AD of livestock waste to solid fuels. The effects of hydrothermal carbonization were evaluated by varying the reaction temperatures within the range of $180-240^{\circ}C$. Hydrothermal carbonization increased the calorific value through the reduction of the hydrogen and oxygen contents of the solid fuel, in addition to its drying performance. Therefore, after the hydrothermal carbonization, the H/C and O/C atomic ratios decreased through the chemical conversion. Thermogravimatric analysis provided the changed combustion characteristics due to the improvement of the fuel properties. As a result, the hydrothermal carbonization process can be said to be an advantageous technology in terms of improving the properties of organic waste as a solid-recovered fuel product.

Evaluation of Heat Processing Temperature and Time on Functional Properties of Garlic Juice

  • Lee, Youn-Ri;Lee, Yun-Kyoung;Hwang, In-Guk;Woo, Koan-Sik;Han, Chung-Su;Jeong, Heon-Sang
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.327-333
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    • 2008
  • To develop a functional juice using garlic (Allium sativum L.), heated garlic juice was investigated using a central composite design set with variables of treatment temperature (110, 115, 120, 125, and $130^{\circ}C$) and time (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr) using high temperature and pressure treatment apparatuses. Total soluble solid, total acidity, reducing sugar, total pholyphenol contents, electron donating activity (EDA), and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) in heated garlic juice were increased with increasing heating temperature and time. The highest total soluble solid content was $17.81\;^{\circ}brix$ at $123.10^{\circ}C$ for 1.10 hr. The highest total acidity was 1.43% at $127.35^{\circ}C$ for 4.35 hr. The highest reducing sugar content was 86.67 mg/mL at $119.90^{\circ}C$ for 4.35 hr. The highest total polyphenol content was 8.42 mg/mL at $127.75^{\circ}C$ for 4.26 hr. The highest EDA and AEAC were 60.09%, and 7.40 mg AA eq/mL at $127.85^{\circ}C$ for 4.23 hr, and $128.10^{\circ}C$ for 4.18 hr, respectively.

Municipal Solid Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities in Nepal

  • Gurung, Anup;Oh, Sang-Eun
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제45권3호
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    • pp.421-427
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    • 2012
  • Nepal is one of the least urbanized countries in the world where more than 80% of the total population live in rural areas. In recent years, the rate of urbanization became rampant which ultimately accelerated immense pressure on municipal services, especially on managing the ever increasing amount of wastes. Due to lack of technology, infrastructure and financial capacity management of increasing amount of solid waste has become a major challenge in municipalities of Nepal. The indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes already affected the urban environment by creating a serious occupational health and environmental hazard to the vicinity of the dumping sites. However, there is great possibility of recovering methane from the landfill sites since the typical Nepalese municipal solid waste contains more than 65% of organic wastes. Despite having enormous potential of generating electricity from hydropower, Nepal is facing acute shortage of energy. Therefore, comprehensive scientific research and development is necessary for making solid waste to environmentally friendly by converting waste to the energy.

DAF 슬러지의 부상식 농축; 고형물 플럭스법 적용과 영향인자 (Thickening of Sludge from DAF process by Flotation; Application of Solid Flux Theory and Effective Factors)

  • 박상철;한무영;독고석;권순범
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.617-626
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    • 2006
  • Compared with the sludge from gravity sedimentation, it is difficult for operations to settle the sludge occurred from dissolved-air-flotation (DAF). Even though there are some problems in treating DAF sludge with conventional gravity thickeners, those has been used until now. In this study, Solid Flux theory for gravity thickening was applied to the Solid Flux of DAF sludge through flotation in order to develop new methodology for treatment of DAF sludge. Also, characteristics of DAF sludge were investigated. From the experiment results, it was revealed that the higher the polymer dosage, at fixed the solid concentration, the greater the rising velocity becomes. When we applied solid flux theory, the relationship, which is similar to that of gravity thickening, has been achieved. Also, we could find the proper polymer dosage from the rising velocity is about 50 mg/L. Consequently, the limiting solid flux can be derived from the relationship between the total solid flux and the withdrawal velocity of DAF sludge. Furthermore, the factors, such as solid concentrations, bubble volume, pH, zeta potential, and temperature, have effects on the flotation and sedimentation for DAF sludge treatment.

메밀순의 증숙 및 건조에 따른 침출차 특성 모니터링 (Monitoring on the Tea with Steaming and Drying Process of Germinated Buckwheat)

  • 이기동;윤성란;김정옥;허상선;서권일
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제33권1호
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    • pp.212-217
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    • 2004
  • 메밀순을 이용한 침출차를 제조하고자, 증숙시간과 건조온도를 달리 처리하여 가용성 고형분 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량 및 관능적 특성을 살펴보았다. 메밀순차 침출액의 가용성 고형분 함량은 증숙시간 6.93 min 및 건조온도 73.59$^{\circ}C$에서 최대값으로 나타났으며, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 증숙시간 5.22 min 및 건조온도 79.05$^{\circ}C$에서 높은 함량을 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 메밀순 침출차의 전반적 기호도에 대한 높은 관능평점은 증숙시간 6.00 min 및 건조온도 77.33$^{\circ}C$인 것으로 나타났다. 가용성 고형분 및 총 플라보노이드 함량이 높고 전반적인 기호도도 우수한 조건은 증숙시간 5.4∼7.0 min 및 건조온도 75∼8$0^{\circ}C$로 예측되었으며 최적 조건에서의 예측된 관능평점은 최적 조건에서 실제 실험한 결과와 유사하였다.

대도시에서 발생되는 생활폐기물 및 회수, 재활용에 관한 연구 (A Study on Domestic Solid Wastes and Recycling in the Metropolitan Area)

  • 공석기
    • 환경위생공학
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.95-102
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    • 1992
  • This study was carried out to investigate the domestic solid wastes which produce through the daily life. As the valuable resources, the wrapping materials were focused for the main subject together with the kitchen garbage which is concerned with actual situation. The solid wastes must be recovered and reused effectively under the proper management as the resources, while, the kitchen garbage have to consider with viewpoint of the diminution for the treatment cost and the national economy. Nowadays, the wrapping wastes occupied more than sixty percent of the total domestic wastes in Korea. On the other hand, wrapping paper occupied over fifty percent of the total goods package in the supermarket, therefore, every citizen should aware of the problem and participate the action plan to minimize the daily life wastes.

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Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) Analysis of Korean Fermented Soybean Pastes

  • Lee, Seung-Joo
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.700-705
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    • 2009
  • In this study, the volatile compounds in 9 commercial fermented soybean pastes were extracted and analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. A total of 63 volatile components, including 21 esters, 7 alcohols, 7 acids, 8 pyrazines, 5 volatile phenols, 3 ketones, 6 aldehydes, and 6 miscellaneous compounds, were identified. Esters, acids, and pyrazines were the largest groups among the quantified volatiles. About 50% of the total quantified volatile material was contributed by 5 compounds in 9 soybean paste samples; ethyl hexadecanoate, acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2/3-methyl butanoic acid, and tetramethyl-pyrazine. Three samples (CJW, SIN, and HAE) made by Aspergillus oryzae inoculation showed similar volatile patterns as shown in principal component analyses to GC-MS data sets, which showed higher levels in ethyl esters and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Traditional fermented soybean pastes showed overall higher levels in pyrazines and acids contents.

Solid-Phase Microextraction(SPME)을 이용한 감식초의 휘발성 성분 분석 (Volatile Components in Persimmon Vinegars by Solid-Phase Microextraction)

  • 서지형;박난영;정용진
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제33권1호
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    • pp.153-156
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    • 2001
  • 2단계 발효로 제조한 감식초를 static headspace-GC법과 SPME-GC법으로 휘발성 성분을 각각 포집 분석하여 상호간의 특성에 대해 조사하였다. 감식초의 휘발성 성분 포집조건은 $80^{\circ}C$에서 20분간으로 설정하였으며, 감식초 휘발성 성분의 total FID response는 CW/DVB fiber를 이용한 SPME법에서 total peak area $18.18{\times}10^6$로, static headspace-GC법의 total peak area $1.35{\times}10^6$보다 현저하게 높았다. 감식초의 주된 휘발성 성분으로 acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, ethanol, phenethyl alcohol 등이 확인되었으며, static headspace-GC법에서는 acid류 3종, aldehyde류 3종, alcohol류 5종, ester류 8종 및 ketone류 1종이 확인되었다. SPME-GC법에서는 acid류 6종, aldehyde류 7종, alcohol류 6종, ester류 9종, hydrocarbone류 2종, ketone류 1종, 기타 3종으로, 총 34종의 휘발성 성분이 확인되었으며, benzaldehyde, phenethylacetate, phenethylalcohol 등의 비율이 headspace-GC법에 비해 높았다.

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Total Scalp의 방사선 치료 시 Helmet Bolus 제작방법에 관한 연구 (Comparison of Three Different Helmet Bolus Device for Total Scalp Irradiation)

  • 송용민;김종식;홍채선;주상규;박주영;박수연
    • 대한방사선치료학회지
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.31-37
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    • 2012
  • 목 적: Total Scalp의 방사선 치료 시 표면선량(surface dose)을 증가시키기 위해 조직보상체(bolus)를 사용한다. 이에 본 저자는 두피(scalp) 전체를 덮는 조직보상체로서 Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic물질을 각각 적용한 Helmet bolus를 제작하여 유용성을 비교 평가해보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: Rando 팬톰을 이용하여 두피 고정용구(mask)를 만든 후 전체 두피에 Bolx-II (Action Products, USA), paraffin wax (Densply, USA), solid thermoplastic 물질(Med-Tec, USA)을 0.5 cm 두께로 동일하게 적용한 Helmet bolus를 각각 제작 하였다. 각 Helmet bolus에 대한 물리적 특성을 평가하기 위해 전산화 단층촬영(computed tomography) (GE, Ultra Light Speed16)을 시행 후 방사선치료계획시스템(radiation therapy planning system) (Philips, Pinnacle)을 이용하여 최적의 치료 계획(radiationtherapy plan)을 세웠으며, 각 조직 보상체(bolus)에 대한 밀도 변화(density variation)화를 분석하였다. 선량 분포(dose distribution)평가(evaluation)를 위해 선량체적히스토그램(Dose-Volume Histogram) (DVH)을 이용해 임상표적체적(Clinical Target Volume) (CTV)에 대한 Dose-homogeneity index (DHI, $D_{90}/D_{10}$), Conformity index (CI, $V_{95}/TV$)를, 정상 뇌 조직(Normal brain tissue)에 있어$V_{20}$, $V_{30}$을 각각 구하여 비교 하였다. 또한 총 제작시간을 측정하여 제작과정에서의 효율성을 평가하였고, 열형광선량계 (Thermoluminescent Dosimeter)를 사용하여 실제 치료 시 각 두피의 표면선량을 확인 하였다. 결 과: Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic 물질에 대한 밀도측정(density measurement) 결과 $0.952{\pm}0.13g/cm^3$, $0.842{\pm}0.17g/cm^3$, $0.908{\pm}0.24g/cm^3$로 Bolx-II의 밀도변화(density variation)가 가장 작았다. Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic 물질을 적용한 각 Helmet bolus DHI는 0.89, 0.85, 0.77, CI는 0.86, 0.78, 0.74로 Bolx-II가 가장 우수 하였으며, 정상조직에 있어 뇌(braintissue)의 $V_{20}$은 11.50%, 10.80%, 10.07%, $V_{30}$은 7.62%, 7.40%, 7.31%로 나타났다. 제작 시 총 소요 시간은 30분, 120분, 90분 이였으며, Bolx-II를 적용한 Helmet bolus 제작과정이 가장 간단하였다. 열형광선량계(Thermoluminescent Dosimeter) 측정 결과세 Helmet bolus 모두 ${\pm}7%$ 이내의 선량오차를 보였다. 결 론: Total Scalp의 방사선치료 시 Bolx-II를 사용한 Helmet bolus의 적용은 CTV (Clinical Target Volume)에 대한 Homogeneity와 Conformity를 높여 줄 뿐만 아니라 제작시간 및 제작방법이 간단하여 임상 적용 시 유용하리라 생각된다.

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