• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1984

Effects of total ginseng saponin, 20-S-protopanaxadiol saponin, 20-S-protopanaxatriol saponin and playcodon saponin on the osmotic behavior of liposomes were investigated by optical measurement. These saponins showed different activities on liposomal membrane, and cholesterol in liposomes was an important factor to this variation of saponin activities.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the effect of ginseng saponin from Korean red ginseng on the learning and memory. Total (50, 100 mg/kg, bw) and panaxadiol saponin (15, 30 mg/kg, bw) treated groups did not show the difference of the time score and the number of error in comparison with control group. Panaxatriol saponin (15, 30 mg/kg, bw) significantly decreased both the time score and the number of error in water maze test. These results indicate that panaxatriol saponin from Korean red ginseng may improve the learning ability of rat in water multiple T-maze.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 1984

The effect of Red ginseng saponin on plasma lipid levels in Wistar rats fed on a diet high in cholesterol and triglyceride was determined. A dose of Red ginseng-crude saponin (150 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 4 weeks to Wistar rats fed on a diet containing 2% cholesterol and 10% olive oil. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were measured and lipoproteins were analyzed by using electrophoretic technique. Red ginseng saponin showed no significant changes of HDL-cholesterol level but it lowered plasma levels of total cholesterol and elevate those of triglyceride intensively.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 1992

After rats were exposed to 5,000 ppm carbon monoxide for 30 minutes, the amounts of catecholamine neurotransmitters in stratum were measured using high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with electrochemical detector. The concentration of dopamine in stratum was significantly decreased after carbon monoxide intoxification, but those of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, norepinephrine, and epinephrine was not changed. However the pretreatments of Ginseng total saponin and panaxatriol saponin increased the concentrations of dopamine and its acidic metabolites (DOPAC and HVA). Ginseng total saponin also increased the concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Similar results were obtained from aged rats.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1980

The investigation is concerned with the action of ginseng saponin on the contractile force in the rat heart and with the elucidation of the mechanism of the action. The effect of total ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ of protopanaxadiol derivatives and ginsenoside Re of protopanaxatriol derivatives on the contractile force in isolated spontaneously beating normal rat heart was investigated. Total ginseng saponin was obtained from white ginseng by the method of Shibata and Namba. Ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ and ginsenoside Re were isolated by the method of and Han, respectively. Total ginseng saponin exhibited a slight increase of the contractile force. Ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ increased markedly the contractile force and dose dependent increase in contractile force was observed. However, ginsenoside Re did not increase the contractile force, but it prevented spontaneous decrease of the contractility of the heart. The mixture of the same dose of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ and Re showed a slight increase in the contractile force and its effect was similar to that obtained by total ginseng saponin. Pretreatment with propranolol abolished the positive inotropic effect of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ and the positive inotropic effect of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ was not observed in a reserpinized rat heart. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Re decreased or abolished the positive inotropic effect of epinephrine. Activities of Na+, K+ -ATPase were inhibited by ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$, total ginseng saponin and ginsenoside Re and these inhibitory effects were dose dependent. The results suggest that catecholamine release or inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase activities may be involved in the positive inotropic effect of gindenoside Rb$_{1}$. Ginsenoside Re counteracted the positive inotropic effect of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 1996

The effects of ginseng total saponin, ginsenoside-Rb, and -Rb, on the reduction of chmlesterol level and the myNA expression rates of HMG CoA reductase and LDL receptor in Hep G2 were investigated and compared with that of lovastatin, a competitive HMG CoA reductase Inhibitor. The amounts of cholesterol in Hep G2 decreased in total saponin-and ginsenoside-treated groups as compared with that of control group, while there was no significant reduction in lovastatin-treated group. The mRNA expression rates of HMG CoA reductase increased in total saponin and gin- senoside groups except for ginsenoside-Rb, (10-3%) group and decreased in lovastatin group com- pared with that of control group. The mRNA expression rates of LDL receptor generally increased In all of the test groups except for total saponin (10-5%) group compared with that of control group. Because the ginseng components tested were more effective in the reduction of cholesterol level in Hep G2 than lovastatin and induced the gene expression of LDL receptor, we suggest the possibility that they could be used as a replacement agent for lovastatin which can not be prescribed especially to patients with hepatic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.288-294
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• 1986

The effects of ginseng saponin and its related materials on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL2999 in yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium were studied. Maximal production of aflatoxins by the mold in the medium occurred after 9 days at $28^{\circ}C$. When various concentrations of ginseng saponin were added to the medium aflatoxin productions were significantly reduced (p<0.05) compared to the control after 9 days at $28^{\circ}C$. 0.05% of saponin in the medium greatly decreased aflatoxin synthesis, and no aflatoxins were synthesized by the mold in the medium contained 5.0% of saponin. When various concentrations of saponin diol and triol were added to the medium both ingibitory and sitimulatory effects on alfatoxin production were resulted. Saponin fraction numbers of 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 decreased aflatoxin production, however the numbers of 3 and 7 stimulated the toxin production. 0.05% of adenosine, guanosine, caffeine and xanthosine in the media inhibited aflatoxin production (p<0.05), but adenine and cytosine increased the production. When 5.0% of saponin was added to the medium aflatoxins were not synthesized at all, but total lipid synthesis and mold growth were highly stimulated. Both the synthesis of total lipid and mold growth were reduced in case of aflatoxin synthesis stimulated.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2013

To evaluate the effect of the saponin of heat-processed ginseng (Sun ginseng, SG), we investigated the protective effect of SG total saponin fraction against adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats. SG saponin significantly decreased the levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine in the serum, but increased the urinary excretion of urea nitrogen and creatinine, indicating an improvement of renal function. SG saponin also inhibited adenine-induced kidney hypertrophy and edema. SG saponin reduced serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities increased by adenine. Based on these findings, the ameliorating effect of SG on chronic renal failure may result from its saponin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.733-741
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• 2010

Dietary karaya saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus (R. capsulatus) are known to have hypocholesterolemic actions, as reported in our previous studies. This study examined possible synergistic hypocholesterolemic effects of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus in broilers. A total of 150 broilers were allocated into 10 treatments: control, saponin 25 mg, saponin 50 mg, saponin 75 mg, saponin 25 mg+R. capsulatus 0.2 g, saponin 25 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g, saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.2 g, saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g, saponin 75 mg+R. capsulatus 0.2 g and saponin 75 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g. Feed intake and feed efficiency were improved when karaya saponin and R. capsulatus were synergistically supplemented in the diet. Combinations of karaya saponin, especially supplementation of karaya saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g were shown to have potential hypolipidemic actions in breast and thigh muscle cholesterol and triglycerides, serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as improved high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (p<0.05). Compared to the control, almost all the treatments significantly increased serum, liver and fecal concentrations of bile acids (p<0.05). Supplementation of both karaya saponin (75 mg) and saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g reduced palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) in a similar fashion (p<0.05). The ratios of PUFA:SFA or PUFA+MUFA:SFA in the thigh and breast muscle of broilers were greater in karaya saponin and R. capsulatus supplemented groups than in the control group. Thus, our study concluded that supplementation of karaya saponin synergistically with R. capsulatus in the diet of broilers is an effective way to obtain low-cholesterol, low-triglyceride and high HDL-cholesterol enriched poultry meat with a unique fatty acid balance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 1986

For the elucidation of saponin synthesis during ontogeny changes of ginsenosides and free sugars in seeds during stratification and seedlings in early growth stage were investigated with high performance liquid chrom-atography. Embryo plus endosperm at 40-day stratification showed 80% decrease of total saponin, disappear-ance of Rc, Rb$_2$ and Rb$_1$ and appearance of Rg$_3$ (probable) and 20-Glc-Rf (probable). Leaf ginsenoside F$_3$ was found not in fruit plup but seed and decreased during stratification. Both decomposition and synthesis of saponin seemed to occure during stratification. Ginsenosides in endosperm and embryo might be originated from fruit pulp by penetration. In seedling saponin appeared first in shoot and in root about one month later. Ginsenoside Rc, Rb$_2$, Rb$_1$ appeared in root at the last investigation (June 30) indicating normal saponin synthetic capacity of root. Saponin synthetic rate was twice in leaf than in root. Leaf ginsenoside F$_3$ was found in seedling root. Root saponin Rg$_3$ and 20-Glc-Rf were found in leaf and stem in seedling and decreased with growth suggesting that rate saponin is not such in certain growth stage. Total saponin content was negatively correlated with PT/PD in seeds and arial parts of seedling due to greater change of PD. than PT. Seed at 70days stratification showed high sucrose content. In seedling glucose was main sugar in stem all the while and sucrose in root at early stage while glucose, fructose and sucrose were found in leaf.