• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2010

In this study we investigated the antioxidant activities and quality characteristics of Halocynthia aurantium and Halocynthia roretzi. The pH of H. aurantium was higher than that of H. roretzi. The volatile basic nitrogens of H. roretzi and H. aurantium were 22.41 mg% and 16.80 mg%, respectively. Lightness and yellowness of H. roretzi were higher than those of H. aurantium, but redness of H. aurantium was higher. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the H. aurantium was better for color, odor, taste and acceptability. Total combined amino acid contents of H. roretzi and H. aurantium were $36368.23\;{\mu}mol/g$ and $36500.12\;{\mu}mol/g$, respectively. Our results showed that H. roretzi had relatively higher contents of Asp, Glu, Gly, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Also total phenol content of H. roretzi was higher than that of H. aurantium. The organoleptic properties of the H. aurantium were superior but the antioxidant activities were relatively lower than those of H. aurantium. For commercial usage, additional study would be helpful in the two ascidians to recommend.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.352-360
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• 2017

This study evaluated the quality characteristics, polyphenolic compounds, and radical scavenging activity of cooked-rice added to commercially available mixed grains. L-value of cooked-rice with various mixed grains decreased compared to that of cooked-white rice; however, a- and b-values increased. Hardness and elasticity of cooked-rice added to various mixed grains were significantly lower in the pressure cooker compared to the electric cooker. There was no significant difference in adhesiveness and stickiness between rice from the electric cooker and pressure cooker. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of cooked-rice added to various mixed grains were significantly increased. The average total polyphenol content of cooked-rice added to various mixed grains cooked in an electric cooker and pressure cooker were $16.50{\pm}3.86$ and $15.88{\pm}3.52mg$ gallic acid equivalent /100 g, and flavonoid contents were $1.58{\pm}0.00$ and $1.55{\pm}0.02mg$ catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively. The average of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was $9.27{\pm}2.62$ and $8.72{\pm}2.41mg$ trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g, and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity was $22.89{\pm}4.60$ and $23.07{\pm}4.49mg$ TE/100 g for cooked-rice added to various mixed grains cooked in an electric cooker and pressure cooker, respectively. Phenol content and radical scavenging activity of cooked rice was in proportion to the amount of added grains, such as brown rice, colored rice, barley, soybean, and sorghum.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2019

Purpose: Aster glehnii (AG) and Aster yomena (AY) are medicinal plants that belong to the family Compositea and grow widely in Korea. Plants in the genus Aster have been used to treat snakebite wounds or bruises in oriental medicine. This study compared the effects of anti-oxidants and anti-adipocyte differentiation according to the species (the aerial parts of AG and AY). Methods: AG and AY were extracted using 70% ethanol (-E) and water (-W) at room temperature. The anti-oxidant activities were measured by total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and $ABTS^+$ assay. In addition, correlation analysis was performed for the anti-oxidant compounds and effect. The level of anti-adipocyte differentiation was assessed using an oil red O assay on pre-adipocytes. Results: AG-W showed higher TPC ($6.92{\mu}g/mL$) and AG-E presented higher TFC ($8.22{\mu}g/mL$) than the other extracts. Furthermore, AG-E exhibited higher radical scavenging activity in the DPPH and $ABTS^+$ assay ($IC_{50}$: 104.88 and $30.06{\mu}g/mL$). In the cytotoxicity assay, AG and AY extracts at concentrations less than $100{\mu}g/mL$ were non toxic. AG-W reduced the lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells significantly after differentiation (70.49%) compared to the other extracts. Conclusion: These results show that the water extract of AG has anti-oxidant effects and reduces the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, AG has utility as a functional food material for its anti-oxidant activities and ability to prevent lipid accumulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1550-1557
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the improvement effects of bitter taste of doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum) with different freezing temperature conditions ($-5^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$, $-20^{\circ}C$, and $-70^{\circ}C$). After freezing for 4 h, frozen doraji was thawed and dehydrated. Doraji frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ showed higher contents of crude fat, crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract. Moisture, crude saponin, and total polyphenol contents of doraji frozen at $-5^{\circ}C$ were higher than in other samples. Weight loss of doraji was significantly different as freezing temperature decreased and the process repeated. Doraji frozen at $-5^{\circ}C$ showed higher contents of saponin and phenol than the control. Hardness of doraji increased as freezing temperature decreased. According to the preference test, Doraji frozen at $-5^{\circ}C$ showed higher preference and less bitter taste intensity than other samples. These results mean that doraji frozen at $-5^{\circ}C$ with less bitter taste could be utilized widely as a food material.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of cultural systems on growth, vitamin C, amino acid content, and yield of Peucedanum japonicum grown in artificial light plant factory. Treatments were given with Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Medium (Perlite), and Aeroponics. Plant height was the highest in NFT system as 10.2cm, and was the shortest in Perlite as 8.9cm. Fresh leaf weight was the high in order of Perlite, NFT, and Aeroponics. Total phenolic compounds was different from cultural systems in order of Aeroponics as $117.84mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}\;GE$, NFT as $98.57mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}\;GE$ and Perlite as $74.62mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}\;GE$. Total flavonoid content of Aeroponics is $0.12mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ but that of NFT and Perlite treatments is not detected. Vitamin C content in Aeroponics as $108.23mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ was significant different from Perlite as $88.05mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ as and NFT $80.83mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$. Total dietary fiber content was higher Aeroponics than Perlite and NFT. Cystein content was the highest in Aeroponics as $46.76mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ and methione content was the lowest in Perlite as $75.64mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$. Mineral content of leaves was high in order of K, Ca, P and Mg in all treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1769-1776
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• 2009

The effects of combined garlic and medicinal plant extracts such as Gyeolmyeongja (Cassia obtusifolia Linne), Hasuo (Polygoni multiflori Radix), Youngji (Ganoderma lucium) and Sansayuk (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) on the antioxidant activity and lipid levels in the livers of rats fed a high cholesterol diet were analyzed. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were the highest in the Gyeolmyeongja by $151.02{\pm}5.20\;mg$/100 g and $43.69{\pm}5.58\;mg$/100 g. Electron donating ability, reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were significantly increased when over 0.3% garlic extract was added. The antioxidant activity of linoleic acid in $\beta$- carotene increased in a dose dependant manner in response to the concentration of garlic extract. In livers of rats, the content of total lipids was significantly decreased by feeding garlic and medicinal plants composites; in particular, the group in which 0.7% garlic extract was added was the lowest. Total cholesterol was 14.95 mg/g in the control group; its level was lower in the groups fed garlic and medicinal plants composites, ranging from 11.47 to 11.86 mg/g. Triglyceride concentration was significantly decreased in the group fed 0.7% garlic extracts, with 46.42 mg/g compared to groups fed 0.3% and 0.5%. TBARS content showed a 15.8~17.6% decrease in groups fed 0.5~0.7% garlic extract and medicinal plants composites. Antioxidant activity was significantly increased in groups fed over 0.5% garlic extract compared to the control group. This study shows that garlic and medicinal plant composites intake is able to reduce the levels of liver lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.587-592
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• 2014

Brassica spp. vegetables have been known to have biological activities such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the in vitro physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of commonly used Brassica spp. sprout vegetables such as kohlabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides), red radish (Raphanussativus L. var. sativus), broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica), cabbage (B. rapavar. glabra Regel), rape (B. napus), radish (R. sativus), and tatsoi (B. campestris var. narinosa) sprouts. Our results showed that the vegetables with the highest total phenolics contents were the radish sprout ($24.40{\pm}1.24mg\;TAE/g$) and kohlabi sprout extracts ($23.97{\pm}0.46mg\;TAE/g$). Furthermore, the vegetable with the highest total flavonoid content was the radish sprout extract ($15.30{\pm}1.35mg\;CE/g$). However, the kohlabi sprout extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging value ($IC_{50}=1.95mg/mL$) and ORAC value (79.03 mM TE/g). In addition,the six kinds of Brassica spp. sprout vegetable extracts, except tatsoi, significantly inhibited the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and showed that intracellular oxidative stress is closely related tothe accumulation of differentiated adipocytes and fat during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that Brassica spp. sprout vegetables, especially kohlabi and radish sprout extracts, can be used to develop natural antioxidants.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2023

Platycodon grandiflorus (P. grandiflorus) flower is a perennial plant belonging to the family Campanulaceae and has many excellent pharmacological effects, so it has been used as a medicinal ingredient since ancient times. In addition, anthocyanin is a purple or blue natural pigment contained in plant flowers and fruits, and is known as a powerful antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to confirm the dermatological functionality of P. grandiflorus flower extract and the value of the bluish anthocyanin contained in flowers as a cosmetic material as a natural pigment. Firstly, 50% ethanol and 80% ethanol were added to the P. grandiflorus flower and extracted under reflux for 4 h at 25, 60, and 80 ℃, and the pH of each treatment group was similar. Based on the anthocyanin content and chromaticity (E^*ab), 50% ethanol 60 ℃ extraction conditions showing the color development most similar to the natural color of the P. grandifloras flower were selected, and a sample was prepared by concentrating and lyophilizing. The analysis results showed that the total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contents were in the ranges of 23 ㎍/mL, 16 ㎍/mL, and 0.17 ㎍/mL, respectively. The P. grandiflorus flower extract suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the P. grandiflorus flower extract showed wound healing effects through the promotion of skin cell migration in TNF-α stimulated human keratinocytes. The stability of anthocyanin and extract color was studied during a storage period of 50 days at various temperatures (4 ℃, 25 ℃, and 45 ℃). Color values (L, a, and b) of the P. grandiflorus flower extract changed over 50 days, whereas the bluish-purple color of the extract was stabilized using 5% maltodextrin. These results suggest that P. grandiflorus flower extract may be useful as a natural cosmetic pigment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1087-1096
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activity of extracts of fresh mushrooms. The components were extracted by hot water; subsequently, the hot-water extract was subjected to 60% ethanol precipitation to yield high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions. Total polyphenol contents, $\beta$-glucan contents, electron-donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, nitrite-scavenging activity, fibrinolytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inhibition of NO production of the mushroom extracts were measured using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells. The extracts of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer contained the highest levels of $\beta$-glucan (33.5% and 25.57%, respectively). Further, the LMW fractions of the Phellinus linteus contained the highest levels of polyphenols (233.23 mg/g). The EDA of LMW fractions (10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Agaricus bisporus were 80.74% and 51.35%, respectively. Further, SOD-like activities of the LMW fractions were high as compared to those of the HMW fractions. Nitrite-scavenging activities of the LMW fractions (pH 1.2; concentration, 10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer were 75.95% and 41.05%, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of the LMW fractions of all mushrooms showed no enzyme activity by fibrin plate assay. The fibrinolytic activity of the extracts of Tricholoma matsutake was the greatest inhibitory activity at 60.4%. Further study revealed that the mushroom extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. The LMW fraction ($500\;{\mu}g/mL$) of the Phellinus linteus considerably inhibited NO production (100%).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.388-398
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• 2020

Watermelon yield mainly depends on soil water content controlled by irrigation in a plastic greenhouse. In this study, we investigated the effect of different soil moisture contents affected by irrigation starting point on growth, yield, and physiological responses of small-sized watermelons. Irrigation was initiated at 5 different levels of soil water content as a starting point with soil moisture detecting sensor after 14 days of transplanting, and stopped at 7 ~ 10 days before harvest. These treatments were compared with the conventional periodic irrigation as control. When soil had the lowest moisture content (-50 kPa), the overall shoot growth was retarded, but the root length and root dry weight increased. The photosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate) of watermelon leaves decreased significantly in the lowest soil moisture content (-50 kPa). On the other hand, the photosynthetic rates of watermelon leaves grown with irrigation starting point between -20 and -40 kPa were observed to be higher than those of other treatments. Fruit set rate and marketable fruit yield increased significantly at -30 kPa and -40 kPa. Proline, abscisic acid (ABA), total phenol and citrulline, which are known to contribute to stress tolerance under drought condition, increased as soil water content decreased, particularly, the largest increases were recorded at -50 kPa. From these results, it was found that an appropriate water supply adjusted with an irrigation starting point between -30 and -40 kPa could help to keep favorable soil water content during the cultivation of small-sized watermelons, promoting the marketable fruit production as well as inducing the vigorous plant growth and reproductive development.