• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1469-1475
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of methods of feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) on behavior patterns of growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 15 growing steers (13 months old) were assigned to the control (fed roughage and concentrate mix separately), TMR1 (fed restricted TMR), and TMR2 (fed TMR ad libitum) groups. Individual behaviors of steers were observed for 48 hours. Compared with the control, feeding restricted TMR (TMR1) resulted in short eating time, long ruminating time, short chewing time, high frequencies of defecation, urination, and drinking of water, great numbers of boluses and chews, long ruminating time per bolus, low feed value index, high eating and chewing efficiencies (p<0.05). Compared with feeding restricted TMR (TMR1), feeding TMR ad libitum (TMR2) resulted in 1.2 kg more daily feed DM intake, long eating and chewing times, short resting time, great frequencies of defecation, urination and drinking of water, more numbers of boluses and chews, long ruminating time per bolus, low feed value index, low eating and high ruminating efficiencies (p<0.05) and similar chewing efficiency (p>0.05). Considering all these results, the wet TMR feeding system induced generally more desirable eating and ruminating behaviors of growing Hanwoo steers, but made the barn floor wetter due to more defecation and urination.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2013

Purpose: Recent research showed that total mixed ration (TMR) feeding for pigs improved the productivity and reduced feed cost and manure odor. An automatic TMR feeding system was developed for this study because the conventional feeder cannot deliver the TMR containing roughage. Methods: Conventional feeding systems and physical properties of TMR were surveyed, and performance tests of the conventional feeder were conducted to develop a TMR feeder. Based on the TMR feeder was developed and installed, driving, measuring weight, radio frequency identification (RFID) reading, and discharging test for feeding were conducted to ensure the performance. Results: Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 1 (mixture of 30% cut IRG silage and 70% concentrates) were 31.6%, 387 $kg/m^3$, and $51^{\circ}$, respectively. Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 2 (mixture of 45% concentrates, 30% cut IRG silage and by-products, 10% bean curd refuse, 10% others, and 5% fermenter) were 22.2%, 544 $kg/m^3$, and $50^{\circ}$, respectively. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of conventional concentrate feeding were 1.9~4.1%, and C.V. of TMR containing 1~3% cut IRG roughage feeding by conventional feeder were 9~42%. The conventional disc type feeder was not suitable for TMR feeding because the supply unit was clogged. The C.V. of TMR 1 was 0.6~7.9% when 0.5~10 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs and sows. On the contrary, the C.V. with TMR 2 was 28% when 0.5 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was not suitable for feeding sows. Conclusions: The TMR feeder developed in this study was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs because the feeder performed stably with over 5.0 kg feed. However, the feeder showed a lack of accuracy for feeding sows because the amount of each feed was more than 0.5 kg per a feeding. Therefore, the improvement of outlet structure for accurate feeding is needed for sow feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1482-1486
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• 2003

In order to compare effects of feeding systems on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestion, steers were fed either total mixed ration (TMR) or separate concentrate-roughage ration (CR). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was higher in steers receiving TMR. Especially, DM, ADF and NDF in TMR were digested to a greater extent than those in CR. Rumen pH was not influenced by the feeding systems. Holstein steers on TMR had higher ruminal $NH_3$-N than those on CR. Feeding system did not alter VFA production but TMR feeding resulted in lower A/P ratio. TMR feeding tended to increase the number of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen fluid. Also steers fed TMR generally had higher fiber degrading enzyme activities, which might be the result of increased number of cellulolytic microbes in the rumen of animals on TMR. Our results indicate that TMR may provide more favorable condition for nutrient digestion both in the rumen and in the total tract of steers.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.433-450
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• 2002

The daily food intake for dairy cows has to be effectively controlled to breed a sound group of cows as well as to enhance the productivity of the cows. But, feed stuffs are fed in the common bulk for a group of cows in most cases despite that the individual food intake has to be varied. To obtain the feed for each cow, both the nutrient requirements and the nutrient composition of fred have to be provided in advance, which are based on the status of cows such as weigh marginal weight amount of milk, fat concentration in milk, growth and milking stages, and rough feed ratio, etc. Then, the mixed ration fur diet would be computed by the nutrient requirements constraints. However, when TMR (Total Mixed Ration) is conventionally supplied for a group of cows, it is almost impossible to get an optimal feed mixed ration meeting the nutrient requirements of each individual cow since the constraints are usually conflicting and over-constrained although they are linear. Hence, addressed in this paper is a simulated annealing (SA) technique to find the food intake for dairy cows, considering the characteristics of individual or grouped cows. Appropriate parameters fur the successful working of SA are determined through preliminary experiments. The parameters include initial temperature, epoch length. cooling scheduling, and stopping criteria. In addition, a neighborhood solution generation method for the effective improvement of solutions is presented. Experimental results show that the final solution for the mixture of feed fits the rough feed ratio and some other nutrient requirements such as rough fiber, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber, with 100 percent, while fulfilling net energy for lactating, metabolic energy, total digestible nutrients, crude protein, and undegraded intake protein within average five percent.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.741-748
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of total mixed rations (TMR) containing rice grain in an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Three types of grains (corn, wheat, and rice), timothy, and soybean meal (SBM) were used to prepare the experimental TMR: Corn TMR, Wheat TMR, and Rice TMR. The rumen fermentation characteristics of all the experimental TMRs were evaluated by an in vitro anaerobic system using rumen fluid for 24 and 48 h. The digestibility of the nutrients (dry matter [DM], crude protein [CP], and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), pH, ammonia ($NH_3-N$), and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Rice TMR showed a higher DM digestibility than that of the Corn TMR at 48 h (p < 0.05). In all treatments, the CP digestibility was more than 80% at 48 h, but no significant differences were observed among the treatments. The NDF digestibility tended to be the lowest in the Wheat TMR (p = 0.06), and the pH tended to be the lowest in the Rice TMR (p = 0.09) among the treatments for the 48 h incubation. The Wheat TMR had the highest $NH_3-N$ concentration among the treatments (p < 0.01). Rice TMR had a lowest total VFA concentration among the treatments (p = 0.05) at 24 h, but no significant differences were observed at 48 h. Based on this in vitro result, it was considered that a rice grain has the potential to replace conventional grain ingredients when the TMR was formulated.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sex, environmental factors, and feeding system on the carcass traits of Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle). Data were collected from 7,866 heads slaughtered in Chungnam province during one-year period. Using the collected carcass traits data which greatly influence a Hanwoo's carcass grade, the effects of sex class, slaughter season, and feeding system were estimated. Backfat thickness of steers was significantly higher than that of bulls (p < 0.05). Marbling score was also the highest in steers when compared with cows and bulls (p < 0.05). Live weight and carcass weight were significantly higher in winter than in summer (p < 0.05). However, backfat thickness was significantly lower in summer than in other seasons (p < 0.05). Marbling score was higher in spring and fall than in summer and winter (p < 0.05). In terms of feeding systems, TMR (Total mixed ration) and TMF (Total mixed fermentation feed) fed groups showed the highest carcass grade (p < 0.05). However, the group fed TMR and formula feed at the final fattening period showed the lowest performance (p < 0.05) and it is assumed that some stress was associated to the feed change. The results reconfirm that castration may be recommended in order to improve meat quality and marbling scores in bulls. There was no consistent trend of seasonal effects of slaughter on carcass traits although some traits were significantly affected. Regarding the feeding system, either TMR or TMF can be supplied to achieve high feed efficiency and good carcass characteristics in Hanwoo.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2018

Purpose: Fermented feedstuffs have been found to improve productivity, reduce manure odor, and increase immunity. However, because there is not a commercialized pelletizing system for fermented total mixed ration (TMR) for pig feeding in Korea, a pelletizing system using TMR fermented feed was developed. Methods: The particle size, density, and volumetric density of the TMR feeds used in the test were measured. The pellet durability index (PDI, %) value of the pelletized TMR feed based on its moisture content, and the amount of pellet production based on the rotation speed of the compression roller were measured. Results: The test materials, TMR1 and TMR2, were approximately compressed to 387 kg/m3 with 18.2% (w.b.) and 544 kg/m3 with 22.2% (w.b.), respectively. Throughout this pellet molding test, the moisture content from 15 to 20% (w.b.) of mixture feedstuffs, including fermented forage, could be used for pellet molding. Based on the results, a small-scale pellet molding system of fermented TMR was designed and manufactured for pig farms. As rotation speed increased, the throughput increased, whereas the moisture content decreased by approximately 2% (w.b.) because of pellet molding. The best yield of pellets with 94.2% PDI was of 536 kg/h at 135 rpm rotation speed. Conclusions: Although the throughput of the prototype increased as the rotation speed increased, it was difficult to operate because of the greater noise and the lower PDI (%) at the higher rotation speed of the pellet molding rotor. It was found that the best production of pellets using the prototype was 536 kg/h having a PDI of 94.2% or more at a rotation speed of 135 rpm.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.607-616
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• 2003

본 실험은 육계분과 제과부산물로 제조된 TMR(TDN 69%)에 입자도가 각기 다른 여분의 육계분과 볏짚(diet DM의 10% 수준)을 혼합하여 기존의 배합사료와 볏짚 급여 체계(대조구)를 100% 대체하였을 때 면양에 의한 행동 양상, 영양소 섭취량, 체내 소화율, 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 반추위 성상, 혈액 성상 및 체내 질소 출납에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 대조구와 비교해서 TMR 급여구들은 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간이 감소하였고(P<0.05), 음수시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 사료 DM 섭취량이 비슷한 상황에서 가소화(digestible) DM, OM, fiber 및 총 영양소 섭취량은 낮았으며(P<0.05), EE를 제외한 영양소 소화율 또한 낮았으나(P<0.05), 반추위 발효 성상(pH, VFA 생성량 및 비율, acetate/ propionate 비율, 탄수화물 발효 효율, 반추위 NH3-N)과 혈중 urea-N 농도는 별 차이 없이 정상적이었으며, 특히 사료 단백질의 체내 활용성(소화율 및 축적율)은 양호한 것으로 나타났다. TMR에 입자도가 작은 육계분을 입자도가 큰 볏짚으로 diet DM의 10% 수준을 대체하였을 때, 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 음수시간은 정상에 가깝게 감소하였고(P<0.05), 그 외의 상기한 parameter에는 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결과적으로 육계분과 제과부산물로서 적정사료 에너지 수준을 고려하여 제조된 TMR은 반추동물의 기존 배합사료-볏짚 급여 체계를 대체할 수 있는 잠재적 가능성을 시사하였으며, 특히 TMR 급여 시 소량의(건물 10% 수준) 볏짚 공급은 면양의 행동 양상을 보다 양호하게 만들었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.841-853
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with calcium oxide (CaO) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as substitutional ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro fermentation, in situ disappearance and growth performance of Holstein steers. Cannulated Holstein (600 ± 47 kg) was used for both the in vitro and in situ experiments. The treatments used were TMR only (CON), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products fresh matter (FM) basis (TC), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis (TCC), and TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis + 3.22% AHP FM basis (TCCA). For in vivo experiment, thirty-four Holstein steers (273 ± 45 kg) were subjected to a 150-day feeding trial, divided into two groups: CON and TC. In the in vitro experiment, pH of TCCA was greatest (p < 0.05) among other treatments at all incubation times. Ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different for each treatment. However, butyrate was greater (p < 0.05) in TCC and CON than in both TC and TCCA. During in situ experiment, the dry matter (DM) disappearance was greatest (p < 0.05) in TCCA among other treatments. Also, disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed greatest (p > 0.05) in TCCA treatment. In the in vivo experiment, average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between CON and TC. In blood profile analysis, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total protein concentration were not significantly different between treatments. But, creatinine concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in TC than in CON. Overall results suggest that Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with CaO and AHP can be used as substitutional ingredient in TMR for Holstein steers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2003

본 연구는 시판 비육후기용 사료와 볏짚을 급여한 관행적 비육후기 사료급여형태(대조구)와 특정 비육농가에서 급여하고 있는 섬유질배합사료의 단독급여 효과를 비교하기 위해 증체량, 사료효율, 도체등급 등을 조사하였고(시험 1), 결과 해석을 위해 시험 2에서 반추위 발효성상에 미치는 영향과 소화율을 조사하였다. 비육후기의 섬유질배합사료 사료의 급여효과 시험에서는 섬유질배합사료의 건물 사료섭취량이 1일 7.4kg으로 대조구와 차이가 없었고, 일당 증체량에서는 718ｇ으로 대조구 775ｇ보다 낮았으나 유의성은 없었다. 1kg 증체에 필요한 사료요구량에서는 섬유질배합사료구가 10.5kg으로 대조구보다 약 0.8kg 더 높았다. 대조구의 Ａ등급 출현율은 22%였으나, 섬유질배합사료구는 33%로 섬유질배합사료구의 A등급 출현율이 높았고, 육질 등급에서도 1등급 출현율이 대조구와 섬유질배합사료구에서 각각 56%와 75%로 섬유질배합사료구가 현저히 높았다. 섬유질배합사료 사료의 건물을 비롯한 조단백, 조지방, 그리고 총에너지의 전장소화율은 대조구와 비교하여 약 1.2-1.6배 더 유의적으로 높았던 것으로 나타났다. 반추위 내의 pH 변화는 섬유질배합사료구가 배합사료를 급여한 관행구보다 높은 pH 6.0이상에서 비교적 안정적으로 유지되었다. 반추위내 NH3-N 농도는 섬유질배합사료구가 사료급여 후 8시간 후까지 높은 수준에서 유지되었고, 특히 사료급여 2시간 후 까지 대조구의 2배에 이르는 28.2mg/$d\ell$까지 급격히 증가하였다(P<0.05). 대조구와 섬유질배합사료구의 총 VFA 함량은 사료급여 후 2시간까지 증가하였다가 그 후 감소하는 경향이 비슷하였으며, 유의적인 차이도 없었다. 그러나 branch chained fatty acid (BCFA)인 iso-butyric acid와 iso-valeric acid의 비율에서는 섬유질배합사료와 대조구간에 차이가 있었고, 특히 사료급여 후 3-5시간 내에 섬유질배합사료구가 유의성있게(P<0.01) 높았다. 본 시험의 결과, 섬유질배합사료 급여는 한우의 반추위 발효를 안정화시키고 비육후기 산육성 및 육질등급을 높이는 효과가 있었다.