• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.24-39
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional and feeding value of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) as local vegetable protein ingredients for poultry feeding. In the first experiment, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical compositions and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA) contents. According to the chemical analysis, RPSOM contained 22.50％ of crude protein, 4.75％ of ether extract, 27.70％ of crude fiber, 0.34 mg／g of capsaicin and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters (ISA-Brown) were 1.73 kcal／g and 1.63 kcal／g on dry matter basis, respectively. The average TAAA value of 16 amino acids measured by the force－feeding technique was 81.70％. These values were used for formulating experimental diets containing various levels of RPSOM for broiler chicks and laying hens. Two feeding trials were made to investigate the effects of dietary incorporation of RPSOM into chicken feed performances of broiler chicks and laying hens. In the broiler feeding (Exp. 2), a total of two hundred twenty-five, 4 wk old male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM. The birds were fed ad libitum the diets for 3 wk and feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion rate were determined. At the end of the feeding, the blood levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol, and the body and fatty acid compositions of leg muscle were measured. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, body composition, serum levels of GOT, GGT and BUN among the treatments. However, blood cholesterol level was lower (P＜0.05) in 10% RPSOM diet group than those in the other. The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of linoleic acid (P＜0.05) in leg muscle compared to that of control group. The results indicate that RPSOM can be used for broiler feed up to 10% without any significant negative effects on broiler performance. In the layer feeding (Exp. 3), the effects of dietary RPSOM on the performances of laying hen were investigated by feeding ninety 45 wk old laying hens (ISA-Brown) with experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM for 4 wk (30 birds per treatment). Measurements were made on egg production rate, egg weight, feed intake, Haugh unit, egg shell strength which was higher (P＜0.05) in layers fed 10% RPSOM diet compared to those fed 0 and 5% RPSOM diets. Thus, it can be concluded that RPSOM can be included into laying hen feed up to 10% without any harmful effects.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.652-658
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• 2010

전라남도 신안군에서 재배되는 시금치인 신안 섬초의 특성을 알아보기 위하여 신안 섬초(조생종 5건, 만생종 5건), 포항초(조생종 2건, 만생종 2건), 남해초(조생종 2건, 만생종 2건) 및 비닐하우스 시금치(조생종 2건) 등 20건을 대상으로 형태학적 및 이화학적 특성 등을 분석하였다. 시금치 잎의 두께는 신안 섬초 > 포항초 > 남해초 > 비닐하우스 시금치 순이었으며, 경도의 경우 포항초 > 남해초 > 신안 섬초 > 비닐하우스 시금치 순으로 나타났다. 색도 측정결과 노지재배 시금치간 특성 차이는 관찰할 수 없었으나 비닐하우스 시금치의 경우 측정값 모두 조금 낮은 결과를 보였다. 총 식이섬유는 조생종(3.39~5.38 mg%)이 만생종 (2.94~3.91 mg%)보다 높았으며, 지역별로는 포항초 > 남해초 > 신안 섬초 > 비닐하우스 시금치 순으로 나타났다. 유리당 및 총당을 측정한 결과, 유리당의 경우 신안 섬초 4건(조생종 3건, 만생종 1건), 포항초 1건(만생종 1건), 남해초 2건(만생종 1건, 조생종 1건) 등이 타 시료에 비해 함량이 높았으며, 신안 섬초가 가장 높은 비율을 차지하고 있었다. 총당의 경우 신안 섬초 3건(만생종 2건, 조생종 1건), 포항초 1건(만생종 1건), 남해초 2건(만생종 1건, 조생종 1건)에서 높은 결과를 보였다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 신안 섬초 조생종 1건(110.45 mg%)과 남해초 조생종 1건(122.66 mg%)을 제외한 모든 시료에서 132.23~218.40 mg% 정도 고르게 분포하였으며 총 폴리페놀 함량도 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 시료별 게르마늄 평균 함량은 신안 섬초가 47.46 ${\mu}g$/kg, 남해초 30.13 ${\mu}g$/kg, 포항초 26.39 ${\mu}g$/kg, 비닐하우스 시금치 25.32 ${\mu}g$/kg 순으로 나타나 신안 섬초가 타 지역 시금치에 비해 많은 게르마늄 함량 분포를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 신안 섬초가 형태학적으로 차이를 보였으며, 당 함량, 게르마늄 함량 등이 타 지역 시금치에 비해 높은 결과를 보여 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.539-548
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• 2016

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and total tract retention of nutrients in young broilers fed corn-based diets. Four inclusion levels of PKM (no PKM [PKM0], 8% [PKM8], 16% [PKM16], and 24% [PKM24]) and two enzyme additions were evaluated in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 384, one-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and allocated to 48 cages (eight broilers/cage), and cages were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments. Results indicated that the inclusion of 8% and 16% PKM increased (p<0.05) the weight gain compared to the PKM0 diet. Birds fed the PKM8 diets had the highest (p<0.05) feed intake. Weight gain and feed intake were severely reduced (p<0.05) by feeding the PKM24 diet. Enzyme supplementation increased weight gain (p<0.05), independent of PKM inclusion level. In PKM0 and PKM8 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) lowered feed conversion ratio (FCR); whereas enzyme addition had no effect on FCR of birds fed PKM16 and PKM24 diets. In PKM0 and PKM16 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of nitrogen and energy but had no effect in the PKM8 and PKM24 diets. Inclusion of PKM into the basal diet, irrespective of inclusion level, enhanced (p<0.05) starch and fat digestibility. Inclusion of PKM at 16% and 24% resulted in similar CAID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but higher (p<0.05) than that of the PKM0 and PKM8 diets. Enzyme addition, regardless of the level of PKM inclusion, significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of NDF. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AMEn with PKM inclusion of 24%. The present data suggest that inclusion of PKM in broiler diets could be optimized if PKM-containing diets are formulated based on digestible amino acid contents and supplemented with exogenous enzymes. If amino acid digestibility and AME of PKM considered in the formulation, it can be included in broiler diets up to 16% with no deleterious effects on growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1119-1125
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• 2004

콩 식이섬유로부터 제조한 헤미셀룰로즈가 streptozotocin으로 유발한 당뇨쥐의 혈당과 혈청콜레스테롤함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험군은 셀룰로즈군(대조군), 헤미셀룰로즈 0.5% 식이군(H-1군), 헤미셀룰로즈 1% 식이군(H-2군)으로 나누어 6주간 사육한 후 당뇨를 유발시키고 계속해서 1주간 사육하였다. 당뇨유발에 따른 식이섭취량과 체중증가량 및 식이효율은 H-2식이군이 대조군과 H-1군에서 보다 높은 값을 나타낸 반면 음용수 섭취량은 H-2군에서 낮았다. 간장의 무게는 H-2군이 대조군과 H-1군에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈당은 대조군에서는 212.8 mg/dL, H-1 군에서는 160.5 mg/dL, H-2군에서 는 141.0 mg/dL으로 H-2군은 대조군의 66%수준이었으며 뇨당은 대조군 0.97 mg/dL, H-1군 0.53 mg/dL, H-2군 0.35 mg/dL로 H-1군은 대조군의 55%, H-2군은 대조군의 36%로 헤미셀룰로즈 식 이군이 대조군에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈청내 중성지질의 함량은 식이에 따른 유의적 인 차이는 보이지 않았으나 혈청 총콜레스테롤 함량은 대조군에서 101.6 mg/dL, 식이군에서는 73.8∼78.4 mgidL로 유의적으로 낮았으며, 혈청 HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 모든 실험군에서 39.8∼44.7 mg/dL 범위로 비슷한 수치를 나타내었다. HTR과 동맥경화지수는 대조군에서는 각각 0.44 및 1.27로 나타났으나 헤미셀룰로즈 식이군에서는 각각 0.54 및 0.46∼0.85로 대조군보다 낮았다. 이상의 결과, 콩 식이섬유로부터 추출한 헤미셀룰로즈는 항당뇨효과가 높음을 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.677-684
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• 2008

Accurate estimation of dry matter intake (DMI) is a prerequisite to meet animal performance targets without penalizing animal health and the environment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate some of the existing models in order to predict DMI when lactating dairy cows were offered a total mixed ration containing a high level of concentrates and locally produced agricultural by-products. Six popular models were chosen for DMI prediction (Brown et al., 1977; Rayburn and Fox, 1993; Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat, 1999; National Research Council (NRC), 2001; Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), Fox et al., 2003; Fuentes-Pila et al., 2003). Databases for DMI comparison were constructed from two different sources: i) 12 commercial farm investigations and ii) a controlled dairy cow experiment. The model evaluation was performed using two different methods: i) linear regression analysis and ii) mean square error prediction analysis. In the commercial farm investigation, DMI predicted by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) was the most accurate when compared with the actual mean DMI, whilst the CNCPS prediction showed larger mean bias (difference between mean predicted and mean observed values). Similar results were observed in the controlled dairy cow experiment where the mean bias by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) was the smallest of all six chosen models. The more accurate prediction by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) could be attributed to the inclusion of dietary factors, particularly fiber as these factors were not considered in some models (i.e. NRC, 2001; CNCPS (Fox et al., 2003)). Linear regression analysis had little meaningful biological significance when evaluating models for prediction of DMI in this study. Further research is required to improve the accuracy of the models, and may recommend more mechanistic approaches to investigate feedstuffs (common to the Asian region), animal genotype, environmental conditions and their interaction, as the majority of the models employed are based on empirical approaches.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권4호통권100호
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• pp.492-501
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• 2007

This study was conducted to develop a topping formula for pizza containing Chungkukjang and onion as the main ingredients. The maximum amount of onion was limited to 10.5%, since the pizza crust and toppings would separate if too much water dispelled from the onion tissue during baking. The Chungkukjang was substituted for Bulgoggi, a meat topping. The sensory acceptability scores for the pizza topping decreased as the amount of Chungkukjang increased from 3.6% to 7.3%, due to its unpleasant odor, but scores increased when 1.6% Kimchi powder was added to the Chungkukjang without a significant difference from the control. Thus favorable sensory quality was obtained with a topping formula containing 8.7% Chungkukjang, 10.5% onion, and 1.6% Kimchi powder. The nutrient values of the final pizza products were assessed as follows. By adding the Chungkukjang and onion, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and total dietary fiber contents increased. Moreover, the calorie level of the Chungkukjang-onion pizza was 3.8% higher than that of the control pizza. The amounts of compound amino acids including lysine increased. The free amino acids also increased from 143.3 to 188.6 mg/100 g. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids changed from 1:0.71 to 1:0.81. For the consumer test, the age groups of the participants were classified as 15-29 years old, 30-39 years old, and 40-62 years old. A positive result on acceptability of the developed pizza was obtained from most of the panelists in all age groups. Over 93% of the 119 responding subjects had purchasing intentions. An, especially, strong purchaging intention was shown in the younger age group of 15-29 year-olds, even though they had a lower preference for the Chungkukjang. Finally, an attribute of satisfaction was induced based on 'health' (79.5%) and 'flavor' (15.7%).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.491-499
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• 2003

Selenium is a strong antioxidant trace mineral, scavenging free radicals. The prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases is increasing in Korean adults with increasing age. The increased cell damage from free radicals has been implicated in the etiology of these diseases, and evidence is accumulating that the low selenium status that comes with advanced aged is involved in the prevalence of age-associated diseases. However, little is known about the selenium status of Koreans, its age-related change and its relationship to dietary nutrient intake. In this study, the serum selenium levels of healthy adult females according to life cycle and its association with blood albumin levels and nutrient intake were examined. Serum selenium level was measured with the Huwo research reactor using the neutron activation analysis method (NAA). The overall proportion of women with selenium deficiency, serum selenium concentrations below 7.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, was 9.4%. The average serum selenium levels were 12.39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 9.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 9.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl in the young adult, middle-aged and elderly groups, respectively, showing a reduction of selenium status with advancing age. Selenium deficiency was seen only in the elderly group. Generally, serum selenium levels positively or negatively correlated with nutrient intake, but these association patterns differed depending on the age. The nutrients that showed positive correlations with selenium levels were proteins and phosphate in the young adult group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05), and total calcium, potassium and vegetable-origin calcium in the middle-aged group. Vitamin C and fiber were the negative correlated nutrients with serum selenium levels in the elderly group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis of the determining factors responsible for selenium status showed that age and serum albumin levels were important factors which explained up to 26.9% variances in serum selenium levels. The average selenium concentrations of Korean adult female subjects were above the deficiency levels in all three age groups. There was a tendency toward decreasing selenium levels as the age of the subjects increased. The factors with the strongest in-fluence on selenium status in healthy adult Korean females were age and serum protein status. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 491~499, 2003)

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2010

환경친화적 저농약 재배로 생산된 쌀을 이용하여 제조한 올벼쌀의 소비를 촉진하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 이화학적 성분을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 일반성분 중 조지방의 경우 올벼쌀이 1.13%로 백미(0.32%) 보다 높게 나타났으며 이는 현미찹쌀과는 비슷한 수준이었고 조회분은 멥쌀보다 약간 높게 나타났으며, 조단백질 함량은 비슷하였다. 총 식이섬유는 올벼쌀이 3.79%, 백미가 1.67%로 올벼쌀이 높게 나타났다. 무기질의 경우 올벼쌀이 Mg, Na, K, P 등은 멥쌀보다 더 많이 함유하고 있었으며, 그 외 성분은 비슷하였다. 지방산 조성과 구성 아미노산은 멥쌀, 올벼쌀, 찹쌀과 현미찹쌀 모두 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 현미상태인 올벼쌀의 경우 C15:0, C22:0 등이 소량 분석되어 멥쌀과는 차이를 보였다. 쌀의 색도 및 경도의 경우 올벼쌀이 멥쌀에 비해 백색도가 더 낮았으며 경도는 올벼쌀이 19.76 kg, 멥쌀이 4.96 kg으로 큰 차이를 보여 올벼쌀의 가공 중 경도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2002

A metabolism trial with four castrated male Brahman cattle, average body weight 320 kg, was conducted in order to determine the nutritive value of chopped sugarcane stalk (CSS) for the establishment of feeding strategy in the dry season in Northeast Thailand. Animals were subjected to the following four dietary treatments: Treatment 1; 100% of CSS, Treatment 2; 70% of CSS and 30% of commercial complete feed (TMR), Treatment 3; 40% of CSS and 60% of TMR, and Treatment 4; 100% of TMR. The average CP, ether extracts, nitrogen free extracts, crude fiber and ash contents of CSS were 2.0, 0.9, 79.0, 16.1 and 2.2%, respectively. Although the amount of feed given was approximately at maintenance level, animals in treatments 1 and 2 refused a part of feed. The metabolism trial revealed that total digestible nutrient and metabolizable energy contents of CSS were 61.5% and 9.04 MJ/kgDM, respectively, when it was properly supplemented with protein sources. Nutritive value of CSS was lowered when animals were given CSS solely. This was due to the large loss of energy into urine and methane. Voluntary intake of CSS in cattle was not enough to satisfy energy requirement for maintenance. The CSS can be used as a roughage for feeding cattle in the dry season with proper supplementation of protein and energy.