• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2020

Objective: The study aimed to develop a functional performance index that evaluates the functional performance of Parkinson's patients, i.e., to integrate biomechanical measurements of walking, balance, muscle strength and tremor, and to use multiple linear regression with stepwise methods to identify the most suitable predictors for the progression of disease. Method: A total of 60 subjects were tested for sub-variables of four factors: walking, balance, isometric strength and hand tremors. Potential independet variables were extracted through correlation analysis of the sub-variables and dependent variables, Hoehn & Yahr scale. And then, a stepwise multiple regression analysis using the potential independent variables was performed to identify predictor of Hoehn & Yahr scale. Results: First, the results of the study showed that physical composition and gait had a relatively more correlated with the progression of the disease, compared to balance and hand tremor. Second, Parkinson's functional performance is characterized by dynamic pattern of walking, such as foot clearance and turning angle (TA) of walking, and a high-explained regression model is completed. Conclusion: The study emphasized the importance of walking variables and body composition in minor pathological features compared to Parkinson's patient's balancing ability and hand tremor. Specifically, it revealed that dynamic walking patterns functionally characterize patients. The results are worth considering when assessing functional performance related to the progression of the disease at the site.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

Carcadian rhythm dependence of vancomycin pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 5 normal volunteers receiving a single intravenous 1.0 g dose of vancomycin at 8 o'clock in the morning and another occasion at 8 o'clock in the evening in a crossover manner. The serum data were subjected to simultaneous computer nonlinear least squares regression analysis using a two-compartment pbarmacokinetic model. The mean half-life of vancomycin was $4.78\pm0.81$ hr in the morning and $4.25\pm0.51$ hr in the evening. The mean total body clearance of vancomycin was $1.29\pm0.58$ hr in the morning and $5.58\pm0.48$ hr in the evening. No circadian rhythm was found to be apparent in normal volunteers. The mean in intrasubject difference in the half-life between 8 A.M. and 8 P.M. was $15.4\%$ with fluctuations ranging from $10.4\sim33.8\%$, It is reasonable to consider individual circadian rhythm for effective dosage regimen of vancomycin in clinical chronotherapeutics.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.125-129
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• 2000

The effect of circadian rhythm on gentamicin pharmacokinetics was studied in rabbits who took a single intravenous 2 mg/kg dose of gentamicin at 09:00 in the morning (a.m.) and 22:00 in the evening (p.m.). A significant circadian rhythm of pharmacokinetic parameters as a function of time of day was noted in rabbits, showing lower total body clearance $CL_t$ and higher serum area under the curve (AUC) when given in the evening. The half-life $t_{1/2}$ was shorter in the morning $(3.88\pm0.62h)$ when compared to the evening $(4.76\pm0.75\;h)$. The AUC was greater in the evening $(25.92\pm3.49\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr)$ than that in the morning $(22.42\pm3.42\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr)$, most likely because the CLt was significantly higher when gentamicin was given in the morning $(0.18\pm0.28\;ml/hr)$ versus in the evening $(0.15\pm0.26\;ml/hr)$. The $t_{1/2}$ of gentamicin in the evening was increased significantly(p<0.05) compared to those of gentamicin in the morning. It is reasonable to consider individual circadian rhythm for effective dosage regimen of gentamicin in clinical chronotherapeutics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 1992

Five buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) showed no significant changes in the heart rate, respiratory rate, packed cell volume, plasma constituents and renal hemodymics during intravenous infusion of urea for 4 h. The rate of urine flow, fractional urea excretion, urinary potassium excretion and osmolar clearance significantly decreased while the renal urea reabsorption markedly increased during urea infusion. The decrease of fractional potassium excretion was concomitant with the reduction of the rate of urine flow and urine pH. In animals exposed to heat ($40^{\circ}C$) the rectal temperature heart rate and respiratory rate significantly increased while no significant changes in GFR and ERPF were observed. An intravenous infusion of urea in heat exposed animals caused the reduction of the rate of urine flow with no changes in renal urea reabsorption, urine pH and fractional electrolyte excretions. During heat exposure, there were marked increases in concentrations of total plasma protein and plasma creatinine whereas plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration significantly decreased. It is concluded that an increase in renal urea reabsorption during urea infusion in buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature depends on the rate of urine flow which affect by an osmotic diuretic effect of electrolytes. The limitation of renal urea reabsorption in heat stressed animals would be attributed to an increases in either plasma pool size of nitrogenous substance or body metabolism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1039-1048
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• 1998

It has been reported that boron may be beneficial for optimal calcium metabolism and, thus, optimal bone metabolism. Therefore, we designed a study to determine the effect of boron supplementation on Ca and bone metabolism in rats. The rats of 80-l40g body weight were given a control(0ug), 5$\mu\textrm{g}$, 10$\mu\textrm{g}$, 20$\mu\textrm{g}$, 40$\mu\textrm{g}$, or 80$\mu\textrm{g}$ boron supplement per Is diet for 4-weeks. The results are summarized as follows. There were no differences in total food intake and weight gain among the experimental groups. fecal Ca excretion, urinary Ca excretion, apparent Ca absorption, Ca retention, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and urinary hydroxyproline were not affected by boron supplementation. There was no difference in serum creatinine. Whereas, urinary creatinine excretion was increased with increasing boron supplementation, and conse-quently creatinine clearance was increased with boron supplementation. No differences were found in length, weight, density, Ca content of femur and scapular. The findings suggest that boron supplementation was not effective in Ca and bone metabolism in growing rats fed normal Ca diet. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1039-1048, 1998)

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution patters of urinary trypsin inhibitor(UTI) in Sprague-Dawley rats. $Na^{125}$I was conjugated to UTI to make $^{125}I-UTI$ and the concentrations were determined by $\gamma$-counter. With the aid of nonlinear least-square regression analysis for i.v bolus injection of 1,000 unit UTI including $^{125}I-UTI$, the temporal concentration curves were best fitted by 2-compartment open model. The distribution phase half-life was 0.39$\pm$0.02 hours whereas the elimination half-life was 12.99$\pm$1.05 hours in male rats. The volume of distribution and total body clearance in male rats were 0.28$\pm$0.01 1/kg and 83.16$\pm$1.15 ml/kg/h, respectively. We could not find any difference of pharmacokinetic parameters of UTI between male and female rats. UTI were distributed widely in rat organs. In both male and female rats, the kidney was the highest distributed organ. Amount of UTI in 24 hour cumulative urine in male rats was 36.22$\pm$8.74% and that in 48 hours was 43.32$\pm$10.55%. Excretion via feces was very scanty, with the 24 hours cumulative amount being only 2.76$\pm$0.97%. This data suggest the main excretion route of UTI is urine.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 1998

This study was attempted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (10mg/kg, oral) in rabbits with $CCI_4$ and bile duct ligation-induced hepatic disorder. The area under the curve (AUC) of blood cyclosporine concentration versus time was significantly increased ($CCI_4$-induced hepatic disorder. Elimination rate constant (Kel) was significantly decreased (p<0.05, p<0.01) in rabbits with $CCI_4$ and bile duct ligation-induced hepatic disorder. Volume of distribution (Vdss) and total body clearance (CLtot) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) in rabbits with $CCI_4$-induced hepatic disorder. But Vdss was significantly increased (p4-induced hepatic disorder were 874ng/ml and 2.71 hr, respectively. Cmax and Tmax values in rabbits with bile duct ligation were 105ng/ml and 2.834 hr, respectively. From results of this experiment. It is desirable to do therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporine for effective treatment when the cyclosporine is administered to patients with liver disorder m clinical practice.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1993

The ability to precisely predict serum digoxin concentration using 7 published methods in a group of 50 patients was undertaken. Two methods of estimating creatinine clearance and two estimates of lean body weight were employed as input variables using the 7 dosing methods. TDX was used to determine the nadir SDCs(serum digoxin concentrations) in 50 in patients meeting predetermined study criteria. All patients, whose ages ranged 19-71 years, had steady-state digoxin levels, were in oral digoxin, and were free from liver dysfunction, thyroid dysfunction and renal failure. The correlation coefficients(r) of predicted versus observed SDCs were determined,. and mean error(ME) was determined for each method to reflect bias, respectively. No substantial differance in predictive reliabliity was evident among the methods studied in total group. Poor correlations existed between predicted and observed SDCs(r<0.4) and these correlations were not significantly affected by age and gender. But relatively higher correlation and lower ME was founded for the CHF group in Jelliffe method(r=0.5, p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.88-91
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the pkarmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin using a 2-compartment model in 8 Korean healthy volunteers and 8 lymphoma patients. Vancomycin (1.0 g) was administered by IV infusion over 60 minutes. The $\beta-phase$ rate constant $(\beta)$, apparent volume of distribution at steady srate $(V_{ss})$, total body clearance (CL) and area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC) of vancomycin in healthy volunteers were $0.15\pm0.02\;hr^{-1},\;33.8\pm4.12\;L/kg,\;5.36\pm0.61\;L/hr\;and\;185.8\pm20.5\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$, respectively. The corresponding values in lymphoma patients ere $0.09\pm0.02\;hr^{-1},\;38.2\pm5.11\;L/kg,\;4.58\pm0.52\;L/hr\;and\;218.3\pm22.9\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in ${\beta}$ and CL between healthy volunteers and lymphoma patients.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.333-337
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• 2001

The pharmacokinetic changes of diltiazem (DTZ) and its main metabolite, deacetyldiltiazem (DAD) were studied after oral administration of DTZ to normal rabbits and mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits. DTZ 10 mg/kg was given to the rabbits either orally (n=6). Plasma concentrations of DTZ and DAD were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography assay. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) of DTZ were significantly increased in mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits. The metabolite ratio of the DTZ to DAD were significantly decreased in mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits. The volume of distribution ($V_{d}$) and total body clearance ($CL_{t}$) of DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits. The elimination rate constant ($\beta$) of DTZ was significantly decreased in folate-induced renal failure rabbits, but that of DAD was significantly increased. These findings suggest that the hepatic metabolism of DTZ was inhibited and the $V_{d}$, $CL_{t}$ and $\beta$ of DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits.