• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2013

In this paper we examine a total of 16 dipolarization events that were observed by THEMIS spacecraft in space close to geosynchronous orbit, r < ${\sim}7\;R_E$. For the identified events, we examine the characteristics of the plasma flows and associated bubbles as defined based on $pV^{5/3}$, where p is the plasma pressure and V the volume of unit magnetic flux. First, we find that the flow speed in the near-geosynchronous region is very low, mostly within a few tens of km/s, except for a very few events for which the flow can rise up to ~200 km/s but only very near the dipolarization onset time. Second, the bubble parameter, $pV^{5/3}$, decreases by a much smaller factor after the dipolarization onset than for the events in the farther out tail region. We suggest that the magnetic dipolarization in the near-geosynchronous region generates or is associated with only very weak plasma bubbles. Such bubbles in the near-geosynchronous region would penetrate earthward only by a small distance before they stop at an equilibrium position or drift around the Earth.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 경사축에 의해 추진기의 후면에 형성되는 비대칭 후류를 모델링하였고 이를 사용하여 추진기에 발생하는 비정상력과 모멘트를 계산하였다. 또한 공동발생시 비대칭후류가 공동 형상에 미치는 영향을 계산, 검토하였다. 추진기의 비대칭 후류위치를 계산하기 위해 유입유동을 축방향, 접선방향 그리고 반경방향으로 나누고 축방향 유동만을 이용, 후류면에서 zero pressure jump 조건을 만족하는 대칭후류 위치를 계산한 후, 접선방향 및 반경방향의 유동을 추진기의 매회전 위치에서 계산하여 대칭 후류와의 선형 합을 통해 비대칭 후류위치를 계산하였다. 새로운 비대칭 후류모델을 비정상 공동중의 추진기에 적용하여 대칭후류모델의 결과 및 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 비교결과 비대칭 후류모델로부터 계산된 비정상력 및 모멘트가 대칭 후류모델로부터의 결과들 보다 실험치와 좋은 일치를 보임을 확인하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.202-218
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• 1976

감압(減壓)이 사과저장(貯藏)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 보기 위하여 일정감압(一定減壓)을 유지(維持)시킬 수 있는 감압저장장치(減壓貯藏裝置)를 새로히 고안제작(考案製作)하여서 시료(試料)는 저장성(貯藏性)이 약(弱)하다는 축(祝)을 선정(選定)하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 상압구(常壓區)와 감압구(減壓區)로 구분(區分)하고 다시 각(各) 구별(區別)로 환경기체조성(環境氣體組成)을 $CO_2$ 0%구(區) 및 $CO_2$ 5%구(區)로 조정(調整)하여 저장중(貯藏中) 호흡(呼吸), ethylene 생성량(生成量) 및 조직내기체조성(組織內氣體組成)의 변화(變化)와 아울러 성분변화(成分變化)를 조사(調査)하였던 바, 1. 조직내기체(組織內氣體)는 감압(減壓)이 설정(設定)이 동시(同時)에 급속(急速)히 조직(組織)밖으로 이동(移動)하여 5분(分) 이내(以內)에 평형(平衡)이 되었음을 보았으며, 2. 호흡량(呼吸量)은 상압구(常壓區)가 감압구(減壓區)보다 높았고 환경기체조성변화(環境氣體組成變化)에 있어서도 $CO_2$ 5%구(區)는 $CO_2$ 0%구(區)에 비하여 호흡량(呼吸量)이 적음을 볼 수 있었다. 그리고 climacteric rise의 발현(發現)도 호흡량(呼吸量)이 낮음과 병행하여 감압구(減壓區)가 상압구(常壓區)보다 지연됨을 볼 수 있었으며 이와같은 것으로 미루어 감압(減壓)이 과실호흡(果實呼吸)을 억제(抑制)하는데 효과적(效果的)인 수단(手段)임을 알 수 있었다. 이와같은 현상(現像)은 R.Q의 변화조사(變化調査)와 조직내기체조성(組織內氣體組成)의 변화조사(變化調査)에서도 찾아 볼 수 있었다. 3. 과실(果實)의 성숙(成熟) hormone인 ethylene의 생성(生成)은 호흡(呼吸)의 climacteric pattern과 병행하는 경향(傾向)이었으며 climacteric maximum stage,에서는 감압구(減壓區)가 상압구(常壓區)보다 높은 경향(傾向)이었으나 post climacteric stage이후부터 낮아짐과 아울러 조직내(組織內) ethylene농도조사(濃度調査)에서 감압구(減壓區)가 상압구(常壓區)보다 낮음을 볼 때 감압(減壓)으로 인(因)하여 과실(果實)의 ethylene생성(生成)이 억제(抑制)되는 것이 아닌가 생각된다. 4. 그리고 외관조사(外觀調査)에서 지색(地色)의 변화(變化)가 늦어짐과 신선도(新鮮度), 부패율(腐敗率), 중량감소(重量減少), 경도(硬度)의 변화(變化)에서도 위와같은 감압(減壓)의 효과(效果)를 찾아 볼 수 있었다. 5. 성분변화(成分變化) 조사(調査)에 있어서도 당분(糖分), vitamin C 및 산(酸)의 변화(變化)가 감압(減壓)이 상압(常壓)보다 적었으며 특(特)히 유기산중(有機酸中) malic acid의 감소억제효과(減少抑制效果)가 감압구(減壓區)에서 크게 나타났다. 이와같은 효과(效果)는 감산비(減酸比)에서 뚜렷함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 1988

토마토 과실의 전지질은 97.6mg%이었며 그 중 중성지질이 45.1mg%, 인지질이 31.2mg%, 당지질이 12.4mg%의 순으로 함량이 높았다. 저장중 중성지질의 함량은 climacteric rise시기부터 서서히 증가하였으나 당 및 인지질은 저장말기까지 감소하였으며 각 지질의 지방산 조성에서 포화지방산으로는 palmitic 및 stearic acid의 함량이 많았고 불포화지방산으로는 linoleic, linolenic acid및 oleic acid가 많았다. $25^{\circ}C$에서의 모든 지질과 $15^{\circ}C$에서의 중성지질중 linoleic acid함량은 저장중 감소하였으나 $15^{\circ}C$에서의 인지질중 linoleic acid 함량은 증가하는 경향이었다. Palmitic acid 는 중성지질에서는 감소하였으나 당 및 인지질에서는 저장전반에 걸쳐 증가하였다. 파쇄흡착법에 의한 향기성분과 NAP-N의 중성지질중 linoleic acid 와는 부의 상관이 있는 반면 palmitic acid 와는 정의 상관을 나타내었다. SAP-L의 중성질에서는 NAP-N과 같은 경향이었으나 당지질에서는 linoleic acid와 정의 상관을, oleic acid와는 부의 상관을 나타내었으며 인지질에서는 stearic acid와는 정의 상관을, palmitic acid와는 부의 상관을 나타내었다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2020

CO₂ concentration in kimchi package has emerged recently as a potential index of product ripening to be monitored or sensed in intelligent packaging. Considering that addition of CO₂ absorber into the flexible kimchi package changes behavior of its CO₂ concentration, ripening of kimchi in total acidity, package CO₂ concentration in partial pressure (P_CO2) and package volume at 10℃ were estimated by mathematical model for two size packages included with different CO₂ absorbers. In small size package containing 0.5 kg of kimchi, relatively less gas permeable low density polyethylene (LDPE) sachet of the absorber was found to give rise of P_CO2 linearly correlated with acidity at acceptable conditions of absorber amount and size. The levels of P_CO2 at optimum ripening were different with absorber amount. However, highly gas permeable microporous spunbonded film (Tyvek) sachet did not show the linear relationship except a condition of 1.5 g of CO₂ absorbent. In large size package containing 2.0 kg, absorber sachets of LDPE and Tyvek could give the linear relationship between product acidity and package P_CO2 but at different levels (P_CO2 of package with LDPE sachet: 0.46~0.79 bar, P_CO2 of package with Tyvek sachet: 0.00~0.75 bar). The P_CO2 at optimal ripening was found to be less variable with LDPE sachets than with Tyvek ones. Use of package CO₂ concentration as an indicator of kimchi ripening was shown to be possible on the limited conditions where the linear relationship between them is established or confirmed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2001

Background: Bradycardia frequently occurs in intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Additionally, the thoracic sympathetic nerves influence the heart so that the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure are expected to decrease due to this procedure. Therefore, we measured changes in HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and both thumb temperatures before and after thoracic sympathicotomy under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Methods: The subjects included 21 outpatients of ASA class I who received thoracoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy under total intravenous anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg/kg) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg) and maintained with propofol-fentanyl-oxygen (100%). The surgical procedure was performed at the T3 level in the order of left sympathicotomy (LST) and right sympathicotomy (RST). Measurements of HR, MAP and both thumb temperatures were taken before induction of anesthesia, before and after LST and RST, and 1 hour after the completion of anesthesia. Additionally, the time to the beginning of a rise in temperature in both thumbs after sympathicotomy was recorded. Results: HR did not show any significant difference before or after sympathicotomy, however it decreased at 1 hour after the completion of anesthesia. MAP decreased after LST and decreased further after RST. Left thumb temperature began to increase at $45.8{\pm}10.7$ seconds after LST. Right thumb temperature initially decreased after LST and increased from $45.2{\pm}11.8$ seconds after RST. Subsequently, both increased temperatures were maintained at 1 hour after the completion of anesthesia. Conclusions: Although HR and MAP decreased, there were no severe hemodynamic changes. An increase in the thumb temperature was confirmed within 1 minute after sympathicotomy on the same side.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2019

메탄 연료성분이 가득 찬 축소 구획실을 대상으로 개구부에서 유입된 공기와 내부 연료의 혼합특성과 백드래프트 발생특성을 규명하기 위해 대와동모사를 수행하였다. 통상의 문 형태(Door)와 가로 형태의 문이 벽면 상단($Slot_U$), 중단($Slot_M$) 및 하단($Slot_L$)에 있는 구획실의 4가지 개구부 조건들에 대해서 검토를 수행하였다. 점화원이 없을 경우 구획실 내부로 유입되는 산소의 양과 외부로 유출되는 연료의 양은 Door > $Slot_U$ ~ $Slot_M$ > $Slot_L$의 순서로 크지만 $Slot_U$의 경우가 구획실 내부에서 연료와 산소가 전체적으로 가장 잘 혼합되었고 $Slot_L$의 경우에는 연료와 산소가 층을 이루어 혼합이 가장 잘 이루어지지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 구획실 내 산소량과 연료량으로 정의되는 총괄당량비는 구획실에서 발생하는 백드래프트의 강도와 잘 연관되지 않음을 확인하였다. 백드래프트 발생 시의 구획실 내부의 최고 압력은 혼합이 가장 잘 이루어진 $Slot_U$가 가장 높게 나타났으며 $Slot_L$의 경우에는 압력상승이 낮아 백드래프트가 발생하지 않았다. 백드래프트 발생 시 Door와 $Slot_M$ 조건에서의 최고 압력값은 $Slot_U$ 다음 순서로 나타났으며, 각 조건들의 최고압력은 백드래프트 발생순간까지의 총 열발생량과 잘 연관되어 설명될 수 있었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.289-296
• /
• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1311-1319
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• 2004

우리나라에도 심혈관 질환으로 인한 사망률이 점차 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 채식과 심혈관 질환과기 관계를 규명하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 채식을 하는 비구니스님을 대상으로 하여 연구한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조사대상자의 평균나이는 채식인 44.20세, 비채식인 40.52세, BMI는 각각 22.47, 21.08이었고, WHR은 0.85, 0.84였고, %BF는 28.79, 26.55였으며, 활동량은 각각 507.8 kg/day, 400.0kg/day였고, 채식인의 평균채식기간은 13.16년이었다. 조사대상자의 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, AI, 이완기 혈압 및 혈당은 비채식인이 유의적으로(p<0.01) 높았고, HDL-콜레스테롤도 비채식인이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높았으며 심 질환 예견지수인 HDL-콜레스테롤/총 콜레스테롤비는 채식인이 유의적으로(p<0.01) 높았다. 두군 모두 중성지방, 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, AI는 WHR, BMI,% BF, 활동량과는 유의적으로 높은 정의상관 관계를 보였다(p<0.05, p<0.01). HDL-콜레스테롤은 BMI, WHR과는 유의한 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 수축기 혈압은 BMI, WHR과는 높은 정의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.01). 나이는 채식인에서 중성지방과는 정의 상관관계(p<0.05), 비채식인에서는 중성지방 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, AI, 수축기 혈압과는 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 두군 모두 연령 증가와 함께 중성지방, 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, AI, 수축기혈압은 유의적으로 높아졌고 채식인은 비채식인에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.01). 이완기 혈압, 혈당은 뚜렷한 경향을 보이지 않았으나 연령증가에 따라 증가하였다. 중성지방, 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, AI, 수축기 혈압은 두군 모두 60대에 최고치를 나타내었고 70대에는 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 혈청지질농도, 혈압은 연령 증가에 따라 유의하게 높아지고 채식인은 그 상승률이 비채식인에 비해 완만하게 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이상의 결과에서 채식인은 심혈관 질환 관련인자인 혈청 총콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, AI, 수축기혈압이 유의적으로 낮았다. 또한 나이가 듦에 따라 두군 모두 혈중지질 농도와 혈압이 높아지지만 채식군은 비채식군에 비해 상승률이 낮았다. 이로 미루어볼 때 채식은 가령과 함께 증가하는 심혈관 질환 관련인자의 상승률을 낮출 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 심혈관 질환의 예방과 치료에 효과가 있다고 볼 수 있다.