• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.209-222
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to apply ratio analysis, which indicates the rate of income to total expenditure, to examine wage-earners' overspending in Korea. We use the Family Income and Expenditure Survey produced by National Statistical Office Republic of Korea and total sample size is 40,691 including households complete income reported. Through the t-test, among 17 expenditure categories, overspenders is likely to spend more on housing, apparel, medical, education, and leisure expenditures more than non-overspenders significantly. Interestingly, overspenders have more income, but less financial assets than non-overspenders. To analyze the effect of socio-demographic variables on overspending, ordinary least square is utilized. The results shows that the more educated, larger family size, and older consumer tend to overspend. The results of study are leaded into two aspects. First, overspending can be solved by consumer education with efficient financial management practice. Second, overspending may be not solved unless policies in various ways enhance the overall quality of living to lessen each household's budget constraints.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2019

This paper proposes an optical system where the organic compound content in water is determined by using an ultraviolet (UV) LED (280 nm) and photodetector. The results obtained by the proposed prototype LED spectroscopy system, which includes a single photodetector and two parallel sample holders, are calculated by applying partial least square regression; the values are highly correlated with the actual concentrations of potassium hydrogen phthalate solutions, with an adjusted coefficient of determination about 0.996. Moreover, the total organic carbon values derived from the UV-Vis spectrometer of real samples (lake, river and sea water) differed little from those obtained by the LED spectroscopy. We confirm that the fast, sensitive, and compact LED sensor system can be readily configured for real-time monitoring of organic compounds in water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.207-211
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• 2005

This study was carried out to develop calibration equation of total volatile bases of tobacco leaf using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). Burley, imported flue-cured and oriental leaf tobacco samples were collected in 2005 crop year. Calibration equation was developed by modified partial least square method. The standard error of calibration and $R^2$ between traditional analytical method and NIRS analytical method were $0.038\%$, 0.983 for burley and $0.027\%$, 0.986 for imported flue-cured and oriental leaf, respectively. The standard error of performance and $R^2$ between traditional analytical method and NIRS analytical method were $0.048\%$, 0.940 for burley and $0.024\%$, 0.986 for imported flue-cured and oriental leaf, respectively. From these results, the NIRS analytical method seems to be applicable in analyzing total volatile bases of tobacco.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1036-1045
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Simulation as a Problem-Based Learning (S-PBL) on critical thinking disposition, self-efficacy, and learning attitude and to compare an ordinary least square and a quantile regression method in impacting factors on critical thinking disposition. 143 students from six classes were randomly selected from a total of ten fundamental classes were assigned 66 in the control group and 77 in the experimental group. The results were that the experimental group received S-PBL and improved their critical thinking disposition and self-efficacy compared to the traditional learning method. In ordinary least square, affecting factors on critical thinking were the learning method and self-efficacy and these variables explained 41.0% in the critical thinking disposition. The results of the quantile regression method showed that affecting factors of critical thinking disposition were learning attitude of 0.1 quantile to 0.7 quantile and self-efficacy of all quantiles, and learning attitude of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.7 quantiles. Conclusion: The S-PBL is an effective method for nursing students who have low critical thinking disposition score to increase critical thinking disposition. And instructors can actively use S-PBL to enhance critical thinking disposition as well as self-efficacy in class.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2016

Seed viability is one of the most important parameters that is directly related with seed germination performance and seedling emergence. In this study, a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system having a range of 1000-2500 nm was used to classify viable watermelon seeds from nonviable seeds. In order to obtain nonviable watermelon seeds, a total of 96 seeds were artificially aged by immersing the seeds in hot water ($25^{\circ}C$) for 15 days. Further, hyperspectral images for 192 seeds (96 normal and 96 aged) were acquired using the developed HSI system. A germination test was performed for all the 192 seeds in order to confirm their viability. Spectral data from the hyperspectral images of the seeds were extracted by selecting pixels from the region of interest. Each seed spectrum was averaged and preprocessed to develop a classification model of partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The developed PLS-DA model showed a classification accuracy of 94.7% for the calibration set, and 84.2% for the validation set. The results demonstrate that the proposed technique can classify viable and nonviable watermelon seeds with a reasonable accuracy, and can be further converted into an online sorting system for rapid and nondestructive classification of watermelon seeds with regard to viability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.715-722
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• 2016

Rapid determination of food quality is important in food distribution. In this study, the chemical properties of oats were analyzed using visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a predictive model of oat quality by VIS-NIR spectroscopy. A total of 200 oat samples were collected from domestic and import markets. Reflectance spectra, moisture, protein, fat, Fe, and K of oat samples were measured. Reflectance spectra were measured in the wavelength range of 400 - 2,500 nm at 2 nm intervals. The reflectance spectrum of an oat sample was measured after sample cell and reflectance plate spectrum measurement. Preprocessing methods such as normalization and $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ derivations were used to minimize the spectroscopic noise. The partial-least-square (PLS) models were developed to predict chemical properties of oats using a commercial software package, Unscrambler. The PLS models showed the possibility to predict moisture, protein, and fat content of oat samples. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of moisture, protein, and fat was greater than 0.89. However, it was hard to predict Fe and K concentrations due to their low concentrations in the oat samples. The coefficient of determinations of Fe and K were 0.57 and 0.77, respectively. In future studies, the stability and practicability of these models should be improved by using a high accuracy spectrophotometer and by performing calibrations with a wider range of oat chemicals.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.42 no.8 s.338
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

This paper proposes a Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFT) with an error feedback filter for blind channel equalization. The proposed equalizer uses Least Mean Square(LMS) Algorithm and Multi-Modulus Algorithm (MMA), and has been designed for 64/256 QAM constellations. The existing MMA equalizer uses either two transversal filters or feedforward and feedback filers, while the proposed equalizer uses feedforward, feedback and error feedback filters to improve the channel adaptive performance and to reduce the number of taps. The proposed equalizer has been simulated using the $SPW^{TM}$ tool and it shows performance improvement. It has been modeled by VHDL and logic synthesis has been performed using the $0.25\;\mu m$ Faraday CMOS standard cell library. The total number of gates is about 190,000 gates. The proposed equalizer operates at 15 MHz. In addition, FPGA vertification has been performed using FPGA emulation board.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.258-263
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• 2010

Sound localization algorithm usually adapts three step process: sampling sound signals, estimating time difference of arrival between microphones, estimate location of sound source. To apply this process in indoor environment, sound localization algorithm must be strong enough against reverberant and noisy condition. Additionally, calculation efficiency must be considered in implementing real-time sound localization system. To implement real-time robust sound localization system we adapt four low cost condenser microphones which reduce the cost and total calculation load. And to get TDOA(Time Differences of Arrival) of microphones we adapt GCC-PHAT(Generalized Cross Correlation-Phase Transform) which is robust algorithm to the reverberant and noise environment. The position of sound source was calculated by using iterative least square algorithm which produce highly accurate position data.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.807-814
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to create a hypothetical model that explains and predicts oral health promotion behavior of adolescents by reviewing preceding literature on Pender's Health Promotion Model, and to verify the model's validity and proposed hypothesis through PLS (partial least square) structural equation model analysis. This study was cross-sectional survey consisted of self-administration questionnaires. The subjects in this study were a total of 293 alternative high school students in Jeollabuk-do Province. They were selected by convenience sampling. In alternative high school students, perceived benefit, locus of control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem had an effect on their oral health promoting behavior. As a result of the indirect effects in black is subjectively good subjective oral health, oral health related behaviors well past the more oral health promotion behavior showed a high. The prediction model of oral health promotion for adolescences, which was made using Pender's Health Promotion Model, was considered to be useful in explaining and predicting alternative high school students oral health promotion behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2022

This study evaluated the sensory characteristics of sauerkraut prepared by adding 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w) sea salt to cabbage. The quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance test of sauerkraut were determined for each salt concentration, and the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis were performed to confirm the correlation between each factor. Results of the QDA determined 14 descriptive terms; furthermore, brightness and yellowness of appearance and the sour, salty, and bitter flavors differed significantly according to the salt concentration. Results from the PCA explained 22.56% PC1 and 65.34% PC2 of the total variation obtained. Sauerkraut prepared using 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% sea salt had high brightness, moistness, sour odor, green odor, sour flavor, carbonation, hardness, chewiness, and crispness, whereas sauerkraut prepared with 2.0 and 2.5% sea salt had high yellowness, glossiness, salty flavor, sweet flavor, and bitter flavor. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the products into two clusters: sauerkraut of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%, and sauerkraut of 2.0 and 2.5%. Results of PLSR determined that sauerkraut of 1.0 and 1.5% were the closest to texture, taste, and overall acceptance. We, therefore, conclude that sauerkrauts prepared using 1.0 and 1.5% sea salt have excellent characteristics in appearance, taste, and texture.