• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.622-633
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• 1996

The purpose of present study was to assess the change of bone mineral density (BMD) by age and the dietary factors influcencing on BMD in Korean women in Taegu. The subjects were 242 healthy female in the range of 7-67 years old, and were divided into 4 age groups. BMD of lumbar of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter)and total body was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry. The nutrient intake measured by convenient method was similar to or more than the level of RDA. The significant relationship between nutrient intake and BMD was observed. Particularly for lumbar spine and total body in group 4 (50-60yr), such as energy, carbohyrate, protein, fat, Ca, animal Ca, meat Ca, Fe, thiamin and niacin were found significantly positive correlations. By analysis of multiple regression, significant relationships were shown between protein and lumbar spine and total body BMD in group 4, between ascorbic acid and total body BMD in group 2(17-34 yr). Energy expenditure showed better corrlations with BMD rather than nutrient intake. BMD was significantly greater in subjects consuming a mean dietary Ca intake more than 125% of RDA compared with less than 75% of RDA. In high Ca intake group ($\geq$125% of RDA), there were the significantly negative correlations between animal (meat) Ca and BMD in each bone of 7-9 years. The excessive intake of animal protein in this age group was found. And the correlations between BMD and past milk consumptin were significant in all skeletal sites of group 1(7-16 yr). This study confirms that the most effective way of preventing osteoporosis and the fractures is to maximize peak bone mass in early life and to minimize bone loss through the balanced adequate intake of Ca and other nutrients and regular physical activity.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.413-425
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• 2017

Objectives: Accurate assessment of energy expenditure is important for estimation of energy requirements in athletic children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and intensity in athletic elementary school children. Methods: The present study involved 31 soccer players (16 males and 15 females) from an elementary school (9-12 years). During the measurements, children performed eight selected activities while simultaneously wearing the accelerometer and carrying the portable indirect calorimeter. Five equations (Freedson/Trost, Treuth, Pate, Puyau, Mattocks) were assessed for the prediction of energy expenditure from accelerometer counts, while Evenson equation was added for prediction of activity intensity, making six equations in total. The accuracy of accelerometer for energy prediction was assessed by comparing measured and predicted values, using the paired t-test. The intensity classification accuracy was evaluated with kappa statistics and ROC-Curve. Results: For activities of lying down, television viewing and reading, Freedson/Trost, Treuth were accurate in predicting energy expenditure. Regarding Pate, it was accurate for vacuuming and slow treadmill walking energy prediction. Mattocks was accurate in treadmill running activities. Concerning activity intensity classification accuracy, Pate (kappa=0.72) had the best performance across the four intensities (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous). In case of the sedentary activities, all equations had a good prediction accuracy, while with light activities and Vigorous activities, Pate had an excellent accuracy (ROC-AUC=0.91, 0.94). For Moderate activities, all equations showed a poor performance. Conclusions: In conclusion, none of the assessed equations was accurate in predicting energy expenditure across all assessed activities in athletic children. For activity intensity classification, Pate had the best prediction accuracy.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to confirm that the difference in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) during exercise of the spending the same calories between the continuous and interval exercise. [Methods] Thirty-four healthy college students who did not regularly exercise volunteered to participate in our study. Continuous exercise was performed on an ergometer for 30 min at 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO_{2 max}). Interval exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer at 80% VO_{2 max} for 2 min initially, followed by 40% VO_{2 max} for 1 min, and 80% VO_{2 max} for 3 min. This was repeated six times for a total of 26 min. [Results] The major findings were as follows: (1) energy consumption during exercise was not significantly different between continuous exercise and interval exercise groups; (2) EPOC was higher in interval exercise than in continuous exercise for all dependent variables (i.e., total oxygen consumption, total calories, summation of heart rate); and (3) there were no significant differences in the lipid profile between continuous and interval groups. [Conclusions] Our study confirmed that after equalizing energy expenditure for continuous and interval exercise on a cycle ergometer in subjects in their twenties, interval exercise results in higher EPOC than continuous exercise. These data suggest that interval exercise may be more effective than continuous exercise in reducing body fat, for a given amount of energy expenditure.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2004

The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Food and Nutrition Board in conjunction with Health Canada recently released the sixth in a series of reports on dietary reference values for the intake of energy and macronutrients. This paper discusses the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for energy and physical activity. Several new approaches were used with the DRIs for the macronutrients. Those discussed in this paper include: $.$Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) at four levels of energy expenditure based on doubly labeled water measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE). $.$Recommendations for levels of physical activity to decrease the risk of chronic disease.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.219-224
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness and to figure out the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among male and female college students. Measurements of height, weight , skinfold thickness, percent body fat, lean body mass were made, 새심 daily energy expenditure and dietary intake survey were performed on 164 (male 86, female 78) college students. The survey was conducted between October 10, 1993-November 20, 1993. The results are as follows : 1) The average height and wegiht of the surveyed men and women were respectively 172.$\pm$0.6cm, 62.2$\pm$0.8kg and 160.8$\pm$ 0.5cm, 51.5$\pm$0.6kg, BMI of those surveyed were 20.9$\pm$0.2 and 19.9$\pm$0.2 and body density of those surveyed were 1.06$\pm$0.0 and 1.05$\pm$0.0 , and the percentage of body fat of those surveyed were 17.3$\pm$0.5% and 23.2$\pm$0.4% , and IBM of those surveyed were 51.2$\pm$0.6kg and 39.5$\pm$0.4kg. 2) Mean skin-fold thickness at 4 sites of the surveyed men and women were respectively 11.6$\pm$0.5mm and 18.3$\pm$0.6mm. 3) Average calorie intake of male and female were 2121$\pm$54kcal , 1906$\pm$28kcal respectively 70.5:14.2:15.3 and 68.0:14.0:18.0. 5) Activity time record of subjects reveal that there was a trend for males to spend more time in moderate and high activity and less time in light activity compared to females. Total daily energy expenditure of male and female group were respectively 2784$\pm$51kcal and 2073$\pm$32kcal. 6) The skinfold thickness showed negative correlation with body density but it showed positive correlation with the percentage of body fat. The lean body mass showed positive correlation with physical activity and energy intake showed positive correlation with physical activity also.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.531-538
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• 1993

본 연구는 8-12세의 남녀 국민학생 각각 8명씩을 대상으로 4주간 평상시와 같은 생활양식과 식생활 환경하에서 에너지 섭취량(GE)과 체내 에너지 보류량 (BE)의 변동을 측정하므로서(에너지 평형법) 에너지 소비량을 산출하였다. 에너지 섭취량과 대변으로의 에너지 손실량(FE)은 열량계로 측정하였고 소변으로의 에너지 손실량(UE)은 질소 배설량으로부터 환산하였다. 체내 지방조직량(FM)은 피부두께를 측정하여 산출한 신체 밀도법에 의하였다. 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 당질, 단백질 및 지방질의 구성비는 남자 아동이 각각 70.0$\pm$0.5%, 10.2$\pm$0.3% 및 19.9$\pm$0.5%이었으며 여자 아동이 각각 74.0$\pm$1.7%, 10.7$\pm$0.3%및 15.3$\pm$0. 5%이었다. 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 대변으로의 에너지 손실율은 남자 및 여자 아동별로 각각 5.1%및 4. 5%이었다. 대변과 소변으로의 에너지 손실량을 감하여 산출한 1일 1인당 평균 대사에너지량(ME)은 남자 및 여자 아동별 각각 1862$\pm$15kca1 및 1627$\pm$20kca1 이었다. 28일 동안의 체성분 변동량으로부터 산출한 체내 총 에너지 변동량(BE)은 남자 및 여자 아동별로 각각 평균 +1524$\pm$539kcal 및 +3622$\pm$718kcal가 증가하였다. 1일 1인당 평균 에너지 소비량은 남자 아동이 1812$\pm$37kca1이고 여자 아동이 1487$\pm$25kcal로서 체중 kg당 에너지 소비량은 남자 및 여자 아동별로 각각 62 $\pm$2kcal 및 52 $\pm$2kcal이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1992

본 연구는 $16{\sim}18$세의 남자 고등학생 7명을 대상으로 4주간 평상시와 같은 생활양식과 적정 체중을 유지시키면서 에너지 섭취량(GE)과 체내 에너지 보류량(BE)의 변동을 측정하므로서 (에너지 평형법) 에너지 소비량(EE)을 산출하였다. 에너지 섭취량과 대변으로의 에너지 손실량(FE)은 열량계로 측정하였고 소변의 것 (UE)은 질소 배설량으로부터 환산하였다. 지방 조직량(FM)은 피부두께를 측정하여 산출한 신체 밀도법에 의하였다 1) 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 당질, 단백질 및 지방질의 구성비는 각각 $73.7{\pm}0.3%,\;13.5{\pm}0.3%$ 및 $12.9{\pm}0.5%$이었다. 2) 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 대변으로의 에너지 손실율은 2.4% 이었다. 3)대변과 소변으로의 에너지 손실량을 감하여 산출한 1일1인당 평균 대사에너지량(ME)은 $2582{\pm}61kcal$이었다. 4) 28일동안의 체성분 변동량으로부터 산출한 체내 총 에너지 변동량(BE)은 평균 $4309{\pm}1837kcal$가 감소되었다. 5) 1일1인당 평균 에너지 소비량은 $2736{\pm}59kcal$로서 체중 kg당 $46{\pm}1kcal$이었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.15-27
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• 1971

Physiological analysis of the physical exercise was made on 9 subjects performing mountain climbing. The course between two points (256 and 516 meters altitude) was 1,300 meters in distance and difference of vertical height was 260 meters making the mean grade of 20%. In the field, the heart rates during uphill or downhill walk were recorded by EKG radio-telemetry. In the laboratory, oxygen consumption was obtained by the recorded heart rates, using individual heart rate vs oxygen consumption diagram obtained by treadmill test. the following results were obtained. 1. Uphill walk time was 36.5 minutes, and during this period the mean heart rate was 149.0 heats/min and peak heart rate was 169.2 beats/min. The total heart beats during the uphill walk was 5.433 beats. 2. The ratio of individual mean heart rate during the uphill walk to the maximal heart rate distributed between 66.6% and 98.3%, and the mean of the total group was 83.1%. The ratio of peak heart rate of uphill walk to the maximal heart rate was 94.5% in the group. Thus uphill walk of a 20% grade mountain course was an exhaustive exercise. 3. Oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.22 l/min (ranged between 1.79 and 2.70 l/min) and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 8.31. The peak value of oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.73 l/min and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 10.39. 4. Energy expenditure during uphill walk showed a mean of 11.1 kcal/min and the peak expenditure rate was 13.6 kcal/min. The total energy expenditure during 36.5 minutes of uphill walk was 396 kcal. 5. In downhill walk, the time was 31.7 minutes, mean heart rate was 118.4 (ranged between 100.1 and 142.7) beats/min, and the peak heart rate was only 129.4 beats/min. The ratio of mean heart rate to the maximal heart rate was 66.3%. Total heart beats during downhill walk was 3,710 beats. The ratio of downhill oxygen consumption to the resting consumption was 5.70. The rate of energy expenditure was 7.5 kcal/min, and the total onery expenditure during the 31.7 minutes of downhill walk was 228 kcal. 6. The effect of training was manifest in the uphill walk and not in the downhill walk. After training in mountain course walk, i) the uphill time was shortened, ii) mean heart rate increased, iii) time vs heart rate curve became smooth and showed less frequent zig-zag, i.e., the depth of trough on the curve decreased and the magnitude was less than 10 beats. In non-trained subject the depth of trough on the curve was greater than 50 beats and appeared more frequently. 7. Mountain climbing is a good health promotion exercise. For the promotion of health the reasonable amount of uphill mountain walk exercise in a 20% grade course is a walk for 40 or 50 minutes duration once a week.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.270-279
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• 2003

Middle and high school students in Korea spend a lot of time at school. In other words, many Korean teenagers spend most of their time studying, and have little time for other activities, such as physical workouts. Fewer physical activities, and consumption of many snacks, etc. may lead to overweight or obesity in some teenagers. This study was conducted to find out the activity levels of teenagers' in order to calculate their daily energy expenditures. A total of 1,192 students (461 middle school students and 731 high school students) who lives in either a city or a country area were recruited for this study. One-day Activity Diaries were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by means of SPSS /win. The participating students spent about 7 hours 24 minutes resting including sleeping; 6 hours 28 minutes studying ,4 hours 4 minutes in leisure activities , 1 hour 32 minutes in personal hygiene activities such as washing, dressing and undressing, etc., 50 minutes on transportation : and 23 minutes on household chores such as cleaning, doing the laundry, etc. The average activity factor was 1.49. That of middle school female students was the lowest at 1.47, followed by middle school male students at 1.48, high school female students at 1.49, and high school male students at 1.51. The daily energy expenditure of middle and high school male students was 2,289 kcal and 2,600 kcal, respectively. That of female students was 1,959 kcal and 2,067 kcal, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.991-1002
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• 1996

The objectives of this study were to obtain normative data for 45 mother-daughter pairs on spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body BMD (bone mineral density) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometric measurement, body composition, biochemical markers, nutrient intakes and energy expenditure, to determin the interrelations of these factors within each group, to measure familial resemblance for each variable. We observed significantly positive correlations between height, weight, head, hip and calf circumferences, tricep, femur and calf skinfold thickness, total lean body mass(=weight-total fat body mass-bone mineral content), protein and fat intakes, Ca index, serum total protein and albumin of monter-daughter pairs(p<.05-p<.001). Among mothers, age, osteocalcin, higher, weight, Ca and energy intakes were predictors of BMDs. Among daughters, weight and energy intake were predictors of BMDs. The BMD in lumbar spine(r=.48, p<.01), femoral neck(r=.38, p<.05), ward's triangle(r=.36, p<.05) of the mothers were significantly correlated with those of the daughters, after adjustment for mother's age, hight, weight, osteocalcin, Ca and energy intakes and daughter's weight, energy intake. In regression analyses, mother's BMD also were positively associated with daughter's BMD in lumbar spine, femoral neck, ward's triangle. Our findings support that mothers with low BMD tended to have daughters with low BMD. In the age groups studied, as well genetic factors as environmental factors may have an important role in determining BMD. This study suggests that women may successfully enhance their genetically determined BMD through adequate nutrient intakes and weight bearing exercise.