• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gocho (苦椒) extract mesotherapy can effectively reduce weight and abdominal fat in obese patients. Methods: Forty obese participants were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. Five participants dropped out voluntarily during the course of the study and four men were excluded from the analysis to avoid gender bias. Results are presented on a total of thirty-one women. Over an eight-week period, the treatment group (n=13) received gocho (苦椒) extract injections (100mcg/3cc) in the abdominal skin, twice per week; the control group (n=18) received normal saline injections (3cc). A mixed lidocaine and prilocaine cream (2.5%/2.5% EMLA cream) was applied before the injection. At baseline and 8 weeks, body weight, body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), abdominal fat, energy expenditure, and questionnaires (eating attitudes and physical activity) were evaluated in both groups. Results: Reductions in body weight (p<0.005), BMI, and WC (p<0.05) were greater in the treatment group. WHR, total fat area, and visceral fat area decreased only in the treatment group (p<0.05). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) change was correlated with weight loss only in the control group (r=-0.498, p<0.05). Before and after the treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups in questionnaire variables (p>0.05). Conclusion: his study suggests that abdominal gocho (苦椒) extract mesotherapy might be an effective way to promote weight and abdominal fat loss in obese Korean women.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.433-439
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• 1991

본 연구는 안동지역 농촌주부 222명을 대상으로 영양소 및 식품섭취 실태를 조사하였고, 영양소 섭취 실태에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 상호관련성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사대상자들의 연령분포는 45~49세가 29.3%로 가장 높은 비율이었고, 평균 연령은 44세였다. 경제수준은 종류가 44.1%로 가장 많았으며, 교육수준은 국민학교 졸업이 37.4%로 가장 많았다. 1일 1인 총식품섭취량은 113g이었으며, 식품군별 섭취량을 보면 곡류가 35.0%로 가장 높았다. 동물성 식품은 전체 식품섭취량중에서 11.6%였고, 동물성 단백질 식품은 총단백질 섭취량의 40.4%로 나타났다. 영양소 섭취 상태는 모든 영양소가 권장량을 충족시켰으며, 특히 단백질 섭취에 있어서 동물성 식품에서 40.4%의 높은 섭취율을 보였다. Beaton의 방법에 의한 영향결핍 가능성은 열량이 19.8%, 단백질이 10%, 칼슘이 14%, 및 철이 25.2%였다. 단백질의 섭취와 소득수준 및 식비와는 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 주부의 교육수준(X)와 열량섭취량(Y)과의 회귀분석에서 Y=1890.9+25.14X($r^{2}=21.7$), 그리고 소득수준(X)와 단백질 섭취량(Y)과의 회귀분석에서는 Y=40.6+0.63X($r^{2}=27.6$)을 보여주었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1999년도 추계 학술대회지
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• pp.102-144
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• 1999

The major problems of food crop cultivation in Korea are low yield of most crops except rice. inefficient cultivation techniques for aged farmers. and low international competibility. Therefore, development of cultivation techniques of food crops should aim the yield. quality improvement, labor reduction and production cost. The primary issue for increasing the yield of soybean, barely and wheat is to reduce the yield gap between the farmer's yield and recommended ones of experiment station. More advanced cultivation techniques needs to be developed. and/or the conventional breeding methods to be reconsidered. The newly developed labor-saving mechanized technique needs to reduce labor hours , and the cost of agricultural implements and machineries. In other words the labor-saving mechanized technique should be developed based on the improvement of total farming system as well as systemic fundamental innovation of cultural methods. The efficiency of solar energy use in food production of Korea in 1997 is as low as $0.52{\%}$ so there is much room to increase yield. It is recommendable that the concept of food Production should be changed to energy Producing efficiency Per unit area basis from volume and weight of food materials. Moreover, introduction of resonable cropping system is needed to increase yield of main crops, farmer's income, solar energy use efficiency, and decrease of land service expenditure. Current cropping system emphasized on economic crops. especially in vegetables , is not desirable for resonable use of arable land. stability of agricultural management and staple food crop self-sufficiency ratio. It is desirable to increase food crops . that are energy of carbohydrate and protein rich and land dependent crops. in cropping system. And the agronomist should develop the cultural methods to replace food crops for food self-sufficiency and stable farming management instead of economic crops in current cropping system. Low-input and environmentally-sound crop cultivation techniques, especially nitrogen-reducing culture technique which is directly related to food crop quality, also needs to be developed urgently. The extended cultivation of corn in upland and barely and wheat in lowland as a feed stuffs is recommended to prevent further decrease of food self-sufficiency ratio, which is mainly caused by the high reliance on imported feed grain. It is also considered that the calculation and presentation methods of standard agricultural income needs to be improved. The current calculation method uses unit land area of 10a regardless of crop kinds , characteristics of agricultural management and cultivation scale. So, it is apt to lead misunderstanding of farm income value. Therefore. it should show an income of average farmers for certain number of years. Research and developing system for food producing is not desirable because they are conducted currently individual crop and mono-culture basis. But actual agricultural income is usually earned by cropping system including upland and lowland. For example. the barley and wheat is usually cultivated in double cropping system. The cooperation among research institutes such as university agribusiness. government and farmers is indispensible. The public information and education on importance and consumption habit of food crops is necessary in Korean society to increase food self-sufficiency through nationwide cooperation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.726-732
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 한국인 영양권장량 제 6차 개정에 수록된 자료, 식이 섭취 회상표, 식품의 섭 취량 및 목측량, 일반 상황분석 자료들을 database로 사용하여 하루 동안 섭취한 식품 및 영양소 함량을 신속하게 분석하고, 신체에 대한 일반 상황을 진단 및 평가할 수 있는 프로 그램을 개발하였다. 사용자는 개인자료입력 항목에 자 신의 이름, 성 별, 나이, 키, 체중 및 활동 정도를 입력하므로서 자신의 체중 범위, 표준 체중, 비만도, 기초 대사량, 체중과 활동 정도에 따른 열량 필요량, 1일 열량 필요량 및 이들의 섭취 열랑과의 과부족을 비교 평가한 자료를 얻을 수 있으며, 만약 사용자가 비만이 라면 체 중을 감소하기 위한 1일 열량 필요량도 얻을 수 있다 또한 음식 입력 항목에 자신이 섭취한 식품들을 24시간 식이섭취 회상법에 의하여 입력하므로서 식사구성안의 식품군별로 섭취횟수가 분석된 후 한국인 영양권장량 6차 개정안에 설정된 표준 섭취 횟수와 비교 평가되었다. 식사구성안의 식품군별 섭취량은 각각 열량 및 영양소별로 분석 평가되었고, 1일 영양소 섭취량을 권장량에 대하여 그래프로 나타내므로서 섭취된 영양소의 과부족을 쉽게 이 해할 수 있게 하였다. 식이지방질은 그 구성지방산의 종류에 따라 인체에 미치는 영향이 다르기 때문에 지방질 섭취상태를 분석함으로서 자신의 콜레스테롤 및 구성지방산의 섭취상태를 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 식사별 열량 및 영양소 섭취상태를 분석하여 각각의 영양소들이 어느 식사에서 섭취되는지를 쉽게 파악할 수 있게 하였으며, 식사별 열량영양소 섭취에 대한 구성비를 그래픽 분석하여 매 식사 때마다 섭취되는 열량영양소의 비율을 그림으로 쉽게 평가할 수 있도록 하였다. 따라서 본 프로그램을 이용함으로서 개인과 집단의 식품 및 영양소 섭취상태에 대한 분석 평가를 신속하게 처리할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 균형 잡힌 식단을 계획하는데 유용한 자료로 이용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2011

목적 : 인진약침이 고지방식이로 유발된 비만 ICR mice에서 비만 및 동반 대사이상에 미치는 효과와 그 기전을 연구하고자 한다. 방법 : 인진약침의 비만 예방효과를 검증하기 위하여, 4주간 고지방식이를 급여하면서 150mg/kg 또는 300mg/kg의 인진약침을 양측 비수($BL_{20}$)에 교대로 매일 피하에 시술하였다. 또한 인진약침의 비만 치료효과를 검증하기 위하여, 4주간 고지방식이를 급여한 비만 ICR mice에 추가 4주간 고지방식이를 유지하면서 300 mg/kg 인진약침액과 vehicle control로써 등량의 distilled water를 양측 비수($BL_{20}$)에 교대로 매일 피하에 약침시술하였다. 인진약침의 항비만효과와 기전을 알아보기 위해, 체중, blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), AST, ALT levels 등 대사지표를 측정하고 부고환조직의 조직학적 관찰을 시행하였으며, AMPK activation과 adipocyte differentiation, fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation 및 thermogenesis와 관련된 gene expressions을 평가하였다. 결과 : 인진약침의 치료를 통하여 고지방식이 급여로 인한 체중의 증가가 억제되었을 뿐만 아니라, 비만 ICR mice의 체중을 감소시켰으며, glucose 및 lipid homeostasis를 개선시켰으며 지방조직의 증식을 억제하였다. AMPK의 phosphorylation과 CPT-1 및 UCP2의 발현을 증가시켰으며, PPAR-${\gamma}$, C/EBP${\alpha}$, aP2, LPL,FAS, SCD-1의 발현을 억제하였다. 결론 : 인진약침은 고지방식이 유도 동물모델에서 비만 및 동반 대사이상을 개선시키는 효과가 있으며, 이는 식이억제에 의한 2차적 효과라기 보다는 energy expenditure를 증가시키고, pre-adipocyte differentiation 및 proliferation을 억제하며, lipogenesis를 억제하고 lipolysis를 증가시키는 효과에 의한 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.193-205
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• 2002

To evaluate farmers' workload during harvesting grapes in summer, this study investigated farmers' physiological, psychological responses, work postures and thermal environment around in the field. This field study was conducted in the Anseong County of Kyonggi Province at the end of August. Five career farmers (1 male, 4 females) volunteered as subjects. Three of them were over their sixties. During harvesting grapes in the field, physiological responses were monitored continuously. 1. Air temperature (T/sub a/), air humidity(H/sub a/), black globe temperature(T/sub g/), air velocity and WBGT around the grape field were 26.9℃, 77.7%RH, 32.8℃, 0.08㎧ and 26.3℃, respectively. Because farmers started the harvesting task in early morning, thermal environments weren't conditions to give farmers severe heat strain. 2. The percentage of the work postures was larger in order of standing, walking, and bending one's back posture. Particularly, the percentage of standing posture with raising both arms above shoulder of two farmers was up to 29% and 61% of the total work duration. 3. Rectal temperature (T/sub re/), mean skin temperature (T/sub sk/), clothing microclimate temperature (T/sub cl/) on the chest and the back, heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) were 37.2℃, 33.1℃, 32.0℃, 32.4℃, 88bpm and 1.3 Kca1/㎡/min respectively. In the point of these physiological results, we evaluated that the harvesting task was a moderate work. 4. All farmers expressed‘hard, hot, humid and slightly uncomfortable’ at the end of works for each subjective questionnaire. The grape harvesting tasks were not evaluated as a very hard work in the point of physiological work standards. But we considered 1) inappropriate work posture (standing posture with raising both arms above shoulder) and 2) farmers' age as burden factors. These findings suggest that adding adequate protective clothing/equipments for farmers may contribute to maintain their body temperature within the normal range, stabilize HR and decrease psychological strain.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2003

Background: Leptin is a 16-KDa non-glycosylated peptide hormone synthesized almost exclusively by adipocytes. The well-known function of leptin is regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin also plays a regulatory role in immune and inflammatory process including cytokine production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of leptin on the expression of several chemokine genes(RANTES, IL-8, MCP-1, IP-10, Mig, MIP-$1{\alpha}$, MIP-$1{\beta}$, and GRO-${\alpha}$) in THP-1 cells. Materials and Methods: Total RNA of THP-1 cells were prepared by Trizol method, and then stimulated with the leptin(250 ng/$m{\ell}$) or LPS(100 ng/$m{\ell}$). We examined the expression patterns of various chemokine mRNAs in THP-1 cell lines by RT-PCR and Northern blot. Results: Leptin did not induce the expression of chemokine mRNAs in THP-1 cells. The expression patterns of RANTES, IL-8, MCP-1, IP-10, and Mig mRNAs in THP-1 cells stimulated with leptin and LPS simultaneously was almost same to the patterns of LPS alone-induced chemokine mRNAs. RANTES mRNA expression was independent on the concentrations of leptin. Although leptin did not have strong effect on the expression of RANTES, IL-8, MCP-1, IP-10, Mig, MIP-$1{\alpha}$, MIP-$1{\beta}$, and GRO-${\alpha}$ mRNAs in THP-1 cells, leptin could induce the expression of long isoform of leptin receptor(OB-RL) mRNA, and its expression was elevated in simultaneous stimulation of leptin and LPS. Conclusion: These data suggest that leptin is able to induce OB-RL in THP-1 cells, however, leptin has little effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokine genes.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.70-75
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to examine diet-induced changes in the expression of UCP2 mRNA in the liver and UCP3 mRNA in the skeletal muscle of mice fed a high-sucrose or high-fat diet. Male ICR mice, aged 4 weeks, were divided into three dietary groups and fed control (N) or modified AIN-76 high-sucrose (US) or high-fat (HF) diets for 12 weeks. The serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations of the HF group were significantly higher than those of the N and HS groups. The hepatic TC and triglyceride contents of the HS and HF groups were also significantly higher than those of the N group. The HS diet group had higher serum leptin and insulin levels compared to those of the HF group. Hepatic UCP2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the HS group than in the N group, but the level in the HF group did not differ from that of the N group. Muscular UCP3 mRNA level was significantly higher in the HF group and especially in the HS group than in N the group. We observed that two gene (UCP2, 3) levels exhibited a similar tendency. These results suggest that UCPs mRNA levels and energy expenditure may be altered or controlled by various dietary patterns. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of diet on the regulation of many obesity-related genes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.796-804
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• 2004

We found previously that dietary high fat caused obesity, and levan supplementation to the regular diet reduced adiposity and serum lipids. In the present study, we examined the effects of levan [high-molecular-mass $\beta$-(2,6)-linked fructose polymer] supplement on the development of obesity and lipid metabolism in rats fed with high-fat diet. Thus, to determine whether the dietary levan may have the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects, 4-wk-old Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with high-fat diet for 6 wk to induce obesity, and subsequently fed with 0, 1, 5, or 10% levan supplemented high-fat diets (w/w) for another 4 wk. For the comparison, a normal control group was fed with AIN-76A diet. Supplementation with levan resulted in a significant reduction of high-fat-induced body weight gain, white fat (i.e., epididymal, visceral, and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy, and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia in a dose-dependent manner. Serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were greatly reduced by levan supplementation. Serum total cholesterol level was reduced, whereas the HDL cholesterol level was increased by dietary levan. The expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) was increased by dietary high fat, and was further induced by levan supplementation. The mRNA level of UCP1, 2, and 3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and UCP3 in skeletal muscle was upregulated in rats fed with dietary levan. In conclusion, upregulated UCP mRNA expression may contribute to suppression of development of obesity through increased energy expenditure. The present results suggest that levan supplementation to the diet is beneficial in suppressing diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.214-224
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity of preschool children using an accelerometer and investigate differences related to epoch length setting during use of the accelerometer. Subjects of the study were 26 children (12 boys and 14 girls) at the age of 5, enrolled in one preschool located in Gangneung. From 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. (7 hours period), every child wore a total of four accelerometers (ActiGraph $GT3X^+$, USA), including three attached to the left hip (with epoch length set at 5 seconds, 15 seconds, and 30 seconds). For comparison purposes, a forth was attached to the opposite position, with epoch length set at 5 seconds. Data collected using 15s epoch and 30s epoch (single larger epoch) were compared with those obtained after reintegration of 5s to 15s epoch, 5s to 30s epoch, and 15s to 30s epoch, respectively (smaller epochs reintegrated). According to the results of this study, there were no significant differences in VM between 30s epoch and 5s to 30s epoch reintegrated and in MVPA (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity), between 15s epoch and 5s to 15s epoch reintegrated. From the Bland-Altman plot, reintegration of 15s to 30s epoch in VM and reintegrations of 15s to 30s epoch and 5s to 15s epoch in MVPA can be recommended for assessing physical activity in preschool children. Further research is needed into the reintegration method while using an accelerometer for assessment of energy expenditure in children.